Comparison of the PAD and PANAS as models for describing emotions and for differentiating anxiety from depression

Mehrabian, Albert

doi:10.1007/bf02229025

Cited by 159 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Consistent with the moderately high reliability of internal consistency reported previously by Watson et al (1988) and others (e.g. (Jolly et al, 1994;Mehrabian, 1998;Roesch, 1998;Kausel & Connolly, 2014) we found the Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.909 for the Positive Affect Scale and 0.874 for the Negative Affect Scale. 11 Though our Trust game was understood as "one-shot" in its implementation, we expect that the evolved psychology applied in the game errs to caution by processing information about one-shot interactions with uncertain resource asymmetries under the premise that they may be repeated in the future (e.g., see Delton et al, …”

Section: Natural Experiments Designsupporting

confidence: 92%

Conflicted emotions following trust-based interaction

Schniter

Sheremeta

Shields

2015

Journal of Economic Psychology

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Abstract:We observed reports of conflicted (concurrent positive and negative) emotions activated after interactions in the Trust game. Our analyses reveal that activation of 20 emotional states following trust-based interaction is better explained by predictions derived from a multidimensional Recalibrational perspective than by predictions derived from two-dimensional Valence and Arousal perspectives. The Recalibrational perspective proposes that emotions are activated according to their functional features -for example, emotions help people achieve short or long-sighted goals by up or down-regulating behavioral propensities, whereas Valence and Arousal perspectives consider simpler hedonic dimensions lacking functional specificity. The Recalibrational perspective is also distinguished from the Valence and Arousal perspectives in that it predicts the possibility of conflicted emotions. We discuss the theoretical implications of having conflicted goals and the economic implications of having conflicted emotions.

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Section: Natural Experiments Designsupporting

confidence: 92%

Conflicted emotions following trust-based interaction

Schniter

Sheremeta

Shields

2015

Journal of Economic Psychology

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“…While the modal report for most (7/12) emotional states was 1 ("very slightly or not at all") modes were also seen at 3 for believable and 4 for appreciative, content, cheerful, and happy. Reports of 1 were more frequent for emotional 18 Moderately high reliability of internal consistency in PANAS similar to ours has been reported by Watson et al (1988) and others (e.g., Mehrabian, 1998;Roesch, 1998;Kausel and Connolly, 2014). 19 We refer to reports of proud, believable, guilty, ashamed, angry, disgusted, aggravated, frustrated, appreciative, content, cheerful, and happy emotional states.…”

Section: General Overviewsupporting

confidence: 65%

Predictable and Predictive Emotions: Explaining Cheap Signals and Trust Re-Extension

Schniter

Sheremeta

2014

SSRN Journal

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Despite normative predictions from economics and biology, unrelated strangers will often develop the trust necessary to reap gains from one-shot economic exchange opportunities. This appears to be especially true when declared intentions and emotions can be cheaply communicated. Perhaps even more puzzling to economists and biologists is the observation that anonymous and unrelated individuals, known to have breached trust, often make effective use of cheap signals, such as promises and apologies, to encourage trust re-extension. We used a pair of trust games with one-way communication and an emotion survey to investigate the role of emotions in regulating the propensity to message, apologize, re-extend trust, and demonstrate trustworthiness. This design allowed us to observe the endogenous emergence and natural distribution of trust-relevant behaviors, remedial strategies used by promise-breakers, their effects on behavior, and subsequent outcomes. We found that emotions triggered by interaction outcomes are predictable and also predict subsequent apology and trust re-extension. The role of emotions in behavioral regulation helps explain why messages are produced, when they can be trusted, and when trust will be re-extended.Keywords: emotion, cheap signal, promise, apology, trust game, reciprocity, experiment INTRODUCTIONIn this paper, we explore the role of positive emotions (pride, believability, appreciation, contentment, cheerfulness, happiness) and negative emotions (guilt, shame, anger, disgust, aggravation, frustration) in regulating cheap signaling, trust re-extension, and trustworthy behavior in the wake of a veiled trust-based interaction between strangers with no explicit indication of certain expectation for repeated interaction 1 . Interactions with 1 A number of other behavioral economic studies have also used veiled designs where interacting participants are unaware of opportunity for repeated interaction(s) that will later be made available (e.g., see Binmore et al., 1985;Burnham et al., 2000;Ellingsen et al., 2010;Gambetta and Székely, 2014). Ellingsen et al. (2010, p. 96) discuss why the veiled design avoiding deception by commission does not violate the non-deception norm in behavioral economic experiments and why withholding procedural information may serve to limit undesirable experimenter demand. Nevertheless, because there is no clear agreement among economists as to what kinds of deception are taboo (see survey results by Krawczyk, 2013 and discussion by Wilson, 2014), deception by omission remains a potential concern with our design. Veiled designs may create negative externality in that the next time participants return to the laboratory to participate in other studies, they may question whether they should anticipate unannounced tasks or interactions, unless the instructions explicitly exclude such a possibility (see also Davis and Holt, 1993, pp. 23-24;Wilson, 2014). It is unlikely that our design produced these externalities, however, as we followed the procedural norm for conducting...

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“…Alternative three-factor structures with good fi t indices have also been proposed and tested by Gaudreau, Sanchez, and Blondin (2006), Killgore (2000) and Mehrabian (1997). Mehrabian (1997) tested a model where PA was maintained as one factor and NA was divided into two conceptually meaningful factors: Afraid (scared, nervous, afraid, guilty, ashamed, and jittery) and Upset (distressed, irritated, hostile, and upset).…”

Section: Factorial Structure Of the Panasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmatory factor analysis and temporal invariance of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

Galinha¹,

Pereira²,

Esteves³

2013

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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This paper analyzes the structure and the temporal invariance of the Portuguese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Previous studies are not consensual whether PANAS measures two or three affect factors and whether such factors are independent or correlated. In order to fi ll in this gap, we compared the original PANAS, as an independent bi-dimensional structure, with several other alternative structures. Two hundred forty fi ve university students and professional trainees answered the questionnaire in two distinct moments with a two month interval. The model of PANAS with a structure of two independent factors, Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA), as proposed by the authors of the scale, was tested. However, the best model consisted of two independent factors, PA and NA, with the cross-loading of the item "excited" between PA and NA, and specifi ed error correlations between the same categories of emotions. Another gap in the literature is the temporal invariance analysis of the PANAS. This paper assesses the temporal invariance of the scale, using the structural equation modeling analysis. Although it was used in its state form version, the PANAS scale showed temporal stability in a two month interval. Keywords: PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect, confi rmatory factor analysis, temporal invariance. ResumoO artigo analisa a estrutura e a invariância temporal da versão portuguesa da Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. A investigação científi ca anterior não é consensual acerca da estrutura da PANAS, se é constituída por dois ou três fatores e se esses fatores são independentes ou correlacionados. De forma a colmatar esta lacuna, procedemos à comparação da estrutura da PANAS como tendo duas dimensões independentes com várias outras estruturas alternativas. Duzentos e quarenta e cinco estudantes universitários e de cursos de formação profi ssional responderam ao questionário em dois momentos, com dois meses de intervalo. Foi testado o modelo da PANAS que representa uma estrutura de dois fatores independentes, Afeto Positivo (AP) e Afeto Negativo (AN), tal como defi nida pelos autores da escala. Contudo, o melhor modelo foi o que representa uma estrutura de dois fatores independentes, com a ponderação dupla do item "excitado" entre o AP e o AN e especifi cando correlações entre os erros dos itens que pertencem às mesmas categorias de emoções. Outra lacuna na investigação é a análise da invariância temporal da PANAS. Este artigo analisa a invariância temporal da escala, utilizando a análise de modelos de equações estruturais. Embora a escala tenha sido aplicada na sua versão afeto estado, a PANAS revelou invariância temporal num intervalo de dois meses. Palavras-chave: PANAS, Afeto Positivo e Negativo, análise fatorial confi rmatória, invariância temporal.

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Comparison of the PAD and PANAS as models for describing emotions and for differentiating anxiety from depression

Cited by 159 publications

References 31 publications

Conflicted emotions following trust-based interaction

Conflicted emotions following trust-based interaction

Predictable and Predictive Emotions: Explaining Cheap Signals and Trust Re-Extension

Confirmatory factor analysis and temporal invariance of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

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