Comparison of the MTT1- and MAL31-like maltose transporter genes in lager yeast strains

Dietvorst, Judith; Walsh, Mike; Heusden, G. Paul H. van; Steensma, H. Yde

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02056.x

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Their sequences have the same T insertion at nucleotide 1183 which generates a stop codon giving a truncated protein of 394 aa whereas the normal protein has 616 residues (Acc N° FR873106-07). This suggests that AGT1 may be inactive, thus implying that MTY1 is responsible for the fermentation of maltotriose in CBS1513 and CBS1503 [30], [36], [37].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the lack of conclusive arguments, the most plausible hypothesis concerning the presence of both MTY1 and MAL31 in S. bayanus is that two successive events occurred, firstly a transfer of the S. cerevisiae MAL locus containing MAL31 and then the replacement of MAL31 by MTY1 by conversion. The biological origin of this latter gene is yet to be determined [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deciphering the Hybridisation History Leading to the Lager Lineage Based on the Mosaic Genomes of Saccharomyces bayanus Strains NBRC1948 and CBS380T

et al. 2011

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Saccharomyces bayanus is a yeast species described as one of the two parents of the hybrid brewing yeast S. pastorianus. Strains CBS380T and NBRC1948 have been retained successively as pure-line representatives of S. bayanus. In the present study, sequence analyses confirmed and upgraded our previous finding: S. bayanus type strain CBS380T harbours a mosaic genome. The genome of strain NBRC1948 was also revealed to be mosaic. Both genomes were characterized by amplification and sequencing of different markers, including genes involved in maltotriose utilization or genes detected by array-CGH mapping. Sequence comparisons with public Saccharomyces spp. nucleotide sequences revealed that the CBS380T and NBRC1948 genomes are composed of: a predominant non-cerevisiae genetic background belonging to S. uvarum, a second unidentified species provisionally named S. lagerae, and several introgressed S. cerevisiae fragments. The largest cerevisiae-introgressed DNA common to both genomes totals 70kb in length and is distributed in three contigs, cA, cB and cC. These vary in terms of length and presence of MAL31 or MTY1 (maltotriose-transporter gene). In NBRC1948, two additional cerevisiae-contigs, cD and cE, totaling 12kb in length, as well as several smaller cerevisiae fragments were identified. All of these contigs were partially detected in the genomes of S. pastorianus lager strains CBS1503 (S. monacensis) and CBS1513 (S. carlsbergensis) explaining the noticeable common ability of S. bayanus and S. pastorianus to metabolize maltotriose. NBRC1948 was shown to be inter-fertile with S. uvarum CBS7001. The cross involving these two strains produced F1 segregants resembling the strains CBS380T or NRRLY-1551. This demonstrates that these S. bayanus strains were the offspring of a cross between S. uvarum and a strain similar to NBRC1948. Phylogenies established with selected cerevisiae and non-cerevisiae genes allowed us to decipher the complex hybridisation events linking S. lagerae/S. uvarum/S. cerevisiae with their hybrid species, S. bayanus/pastorianus.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering the Hybridisation History Leading to the Lager Lineage Based on the Mosaic Genomes of Saccharomyces bayanus Strains NBRC1948 and CBS380T

et al. 2011

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“…MAL1 paralogs encode a maltose transporter, MAL2 a maltase that hydrolyzes maltose into its two glucose molecules, and MAL3 a transcriptional activator of the MAL genes (72). Additional maltose and maltotriose transporters are encoded by the AGT1, MTT1, MPH2, and MPH3 genes (73)(74)(75). Interestingly, AGT1 encodes a low-affinity transporter that is mutated in lager yeast and nonfunctional due to a premature stop codon.…”

Section: Genetic Strain Improvement Of Lager Yeastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lager Yeast Comes of Age

Wendland

2014

Eukaryot Cell

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Alcoholic fermentations have accompanied human civilizations throughout our history. Lager yeasts have a several-centurylong tradition of providing fresh beer with clean taste. The yeast strains used for lager beer fermentation have long been recognized as hybrids between two Saccharomyces species. We summarize the initial findings on this hybrid nature, the genomics/ transcriptomics of lager yeasts, and established targets of strain improvements. Next-generation sequencing has provided fast access to yeast genomes. Its use in population genomics has uncovered many more hybridization events within Saccharomyces species, so that lager yeast hybrids are no longer the exception from the rule. These findings have led us to propose network evolution within Saccharomyces species. This "web of life" recognizes the ability of closely related species to exchange DNA and thus drain from a combined gene pool rather than be limited to a gene pool restricted by speciation. Within the domesticated lager yeasts, two groups, the Saaz and Frohberg groups, can be distinguished based on fermentation characteristics. Recent evidence suggests that these groups share an evolutionary history. We thus propose to refer to the Saaz group as Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and to the Frohberg group as Saccharomyces pastorianus based on their distinct genomes. New insight into the hybrid nature of lager yeast will provide novel directions for future strain improvement.

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“…lower expression with increased copy number of the repeat element) (Bell et al , 1997). Recently, two tandem 147 bp elements have been found in the promoter regions of some but not all MTT1 and MAL31 genes leading to diminished expression levels of the respective genes (Dietvorst et al , 2010). Evidence of the role of chromatin remodelling and structure on the regulation of expression of MAL genes also exists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of regulatory elements in the AGT1 promoter of ale and lager strains of brewer's yeast

Vidgren

Kankainen

Londesborough

et al. 2011

Yeast

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Agt1 is an interesting α-glucoside transporter for the brewing industry, as it efficiently transports maltotriose, a sugar often remaining partly unused during beer fermentation. It has been shown that on maltose the expression level of AGT1 is much higher in ale strains than in lager strains, and that glucose represses the expression, particularly in the ale strains. In the present study the regulatory elements of the AGT1 promoter of one ale and two lager strains were identified by computational methods. Promoter regions up to 1.9 kbp upstream of the AGT1 gene were sequenced from the three brewer's yeast strains and the laboratory yeast strain CEN.PK-1D. The promoter sequence of the laboratory strain was identical to the AGT1 promoter of strain S288c of the Saccharomyces Genome Database, whereas the promoter sequences of the industrial strains diverged markedly from the S288c strain. The AGT1 promoter regions of the ale and lager strains were for the most part identical to each other, except for one 22 bp deletion and two 94 and 95 bp insertions in the ale strain. Computational analyses of promoter elements revealed that the promoter sequences contained several Mig1-and MAL-activator binding sites, as was expected. However, some of the Mig1 and MAL-activator binding sites were located on the two insertions of the ale strain, and thus offered a plausible explanation for the different expression pattern of the AGT1 gene in the ale strains. Accordingly, functional analysis of A60 ale and A15 lager strain AGT1 promoters fused to GFP (encoding the green fluorescent protein) showed a significant difference in the ability of these two promoters to drive GFP expression. Under the control of the AGT1 promoter of the ale strain the emergence of GFP was strongly induced by maltose, whereas only a low level of GFP was detected with the construct carrying the AGT1 promoter of the lager strain. Thus, the extra MAL-activator binding element, present in the AGT1 promoter of the ale strain, appears to be necessary to reach a high level of induction by maltose. Both AGT1 promoters were repressed by glucose but their derepression was different, possibly due to a distinct distribution of Mig1 elements in these two promoters.

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Comparison of the MTT1- and MAL31-like maltose transporter genes in lager yeast strains

Cited by 19 publications

References 18 publications

Deciphering the Hybridisation History Leading to the Lager Lineage Based on the Mosaic Genomes of Saccharomyces bayanus Strains NBRC1948 and CBS380T

Deciphering the Hybridisation History Leading to the Lager Lineage Based on the Mosaic Genomes of Saccharomyces bayanus Strains NBRC1948 and CBS380T

Lager Yeast Comes of Age

Identification of regulatory elements in the AGT1 promoter of ale and lager strains of brewer's yeast

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