Comparison of the kraft paper crosslinked by polymeric carboxylic acids of large and small molecular sizes: Dry and wet performance

Xu, Gordon Guozhong; Yang, Charles Q.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991024)74:4<907::aid-app17>3.0.co;2-9

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Young’s modulus is comparable to the other two plasticizers, but we see a decrease in ultimate strength, strain-at-break, and toughness. This reduction in strain-at-break is commonly observed for covalently cross-linked samples and is generally perceived as an embrittlement of the papers . Upon normalization to grammage, the tensile index, the samples show less distinct differences, Figure S11.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Highly Ductile Cellulose-Rich Papers Obtained by Ultrasonication-Assisted Incorporation of Low Molecular Weight Plasticizers

Eliasson

Hedenqvist

Brolin

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Fiber-based materials are attractive sustainable alternatives to fossil-based plastics, however, the lack of ductility (i.e., brittleness) limits their applicability in complex shapes as are often utilized for plastics. In this study, we hypothesize that it is possible to enhance the ductility of a cellulose-rich material by the incorporation of low molecular weight plasticizers (glycerol, urea, citric acid, and tannic acid). However, no significant effects could be observed after swelling in the presence of plasticizers. To enhance any potential effect, it was decided to employ ultrasonication to mechanically disintegrate the fiber and aid the sorption of plasticizer prior to formation of sheets from the treated fibers. Glycerol or urea in combination with ultrasonication resulted in both internal and external fibrillation of the fibers, and it could be observed that the resulting fines create a film at the surface of the fibers in the formed sheets. Tensile testing shows that this gives rise to a 100% increase in ductility compared to sheets from untreated fibers. The use of citric or tannic acid has the opposite effect, reducing ductility to a third of that of the reference sheet. This is suggested to be due to the formation of covalent cross-links in the treated fibers, which also leads to different internal and external fibrillation mechanisms, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. The exceptionally high improvement of the strain-at-break for sheets from the glycerol-and urea-treated fibers suggests that low molecular weight plasticizers affect the internal properties of the fiber wall as well as the interactions between the fine material forming in-between the fibers. The findings from the current study suggest that the proposed approach to obtain ductile cellulose-rich materials holds promise for the future, but it is also clear that more in-depth research is required to obtain a mechanistic understanding and release the full potential.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Highly Ductile Cellulose-Rich Papers Obtained by Ultrasonication-Assisted Incorporation of Low Molecular Weight Plasticizers

Eliasson

Hedenqvist

Brolin

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Crosslinking does indeed join the starch molecules in cellulosic papers, restricting the mobility of the polymer chains, resulting in higher stiffness and a loss of flexibility. 55–57 Here, the higher storage modulus (stiffness) of the alkali-treated cellulosic papers than the bleached ones was attributed to the better interfacial adhesion, as evidenced by the SEM images. 58 However, coating the alkali-treated cellulosic papers seemed to lead to an opposite behavior, since it decreased the storage modulus over the entire range of temperature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…This decrease in storage modulus corresponded to more molecular mobility while preserving better flexibility, and thus a higher folding endurance. 53,57 The flexibility is another important parameter to consider for cellulosic papers, since it indicates an improved durability of the cellulosic papers. 59 As expected, the quantity of lignin content remaining in the alkali-treated fibers strongly improved the interfacial adhesion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosslinked starch-coated cellulosic papers as alternative food-packaging materials

et al. 2022

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“…This might be due to the fact that hydrolyzed wool fibers and wood pulp fibers have less hydrogen bonding energy. This is partly due to the strength of the fibers themselves, but most of the dry strength comes from the bonding between the individual fibers [69][70][71]. A tensile index comparison within the biocomposite made of hydrolyzed wool at 140-160 • C shows that the effect of hydrolysis temperature plays a significant role.…”

Section: Tensile Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainably Processed Waste Wool Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites for Agriculture and Packaging Applications

Bhavsar

Balan

Fontana

et al. 2021

Fibers

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In the EU, sheep bred for dairy and meat purposes are of low quality, their economic value is not even enough to cover shearing costs, and their wool is generally seen as a useless by-product of sheep farming, resulting in large illegal disposal or landfilling. In order to minimize environmental and health-related problems considering elemental compositions of discarded materials such as waste wool, there is a need to recycle and reuse waste materials to develop sustainable innovative technologies and transformation processes to achieve sustainable manufacturing. This study aims to examine the application of waste wool in biocomposite production with the help of a sustainable hydrolysis process without any chemicals and binding material. The impact of superheated water hydrolysis and mixing hydrolyzed wool fibers with kraft pulp on the performance of biocomposite was investigated and characterized using SEM, FTIR, tensile strength, DSC, TGA, and soil burial testing in comparison with 100% kraft pulp biocomposite. The superheated water hydrolysis process increases the hydrophilicity and homogeneity and contributes to increasing the speed of biodegradation. The biocomposite is entirely self-supporting, provides primary nutrients for soil nourishment, and is observed to be completely biodegradable when buried in the soil within 90 days. Among temperatures tested for superheated water hydrolysis of raw wool, 150 °C seems to be the most appropriate for the biocomposite preparation regarding physicochemical properties of wool and suitability for wool mixing with cellulose. The combination of a sustainable hydrolysis process and the use of waste wool in manufacturing an eco-friendly, biodegradable paper/biocomposite will open new potential opportunities for the utilization of waste wool in agricultural and packaging applications and minimize environmental impact.

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Comparison of the kraft paper crosslinked by polymeric carboxylic acids of large and small molecular sizes: Dry and wet performance

Cited by 28 publications

References 6 publications

Highly Ductile Cellulose-Rich Papers Obtained by Ultrasonication-Assisted Incorporation of Low Molecular Weight Plasticizers

Highly Ductile Cellulose-Rich Papers Obtained by Ultrasonication-Assisted Incorporation of Low Molecular Weight Plasticizers

Crosslinked starch-coated cellulosic papers as alternative food-packaging materials

Sustainably Processed Waste Wool Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites for Agriculture and Packaging Applications

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