Comparison of the kinematics and kinetics of shoulder exercises performed with constant and elastic resistance

Abstract

BackgroundInternal and external rotation exercises of the shoulder are frequently performed to avoid injury and pain. Knowledge about the motion and loadings of the upper extremities during these exercises is crucial for the development of optimal training recommendations. However, a comparison of the angles and corresponding moments in the upper extremities that are achieved during internal and external rotation exercises for the shoulder by using different resistance types has not yet been performed. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine upper extremity kinetics and kinematics in 3D of the internal and external rotation exercises.MethodsThe kinematics and kinetics of 12 participants while they performed 10 different exercises with a constant and with an elastic external load corresponding to 2% body mass was assessed. The motion of the upper extremities was recorded three-dimensionally with a motion capture system, using a newly developed marker set and joint coordinate systems with 28 markers. The applied external load was measured with a load cell placed in series with the external resistance, and moments were calculated using an inverse dynamics approach.ResultsThe range of motion and the joint loading was highly dependent on the exercises. The range of motion in the glenohumeral joint did not differ significantly between the two resistance types, whereas internal/external rotation moments were significantly higher with constant resistance than those with elastic resistance.ConclusionsLarger or lower moments can, therefore, be achieved through selection of the appropriate resistance type, while the range of motion can be altered through the selection of exercise type. Therefore, the loading motion patterns identified in this study can help to choose suitable shoulder exercises dependent on the training objective.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13102-018-0111-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Chest Exercises: Movement and Loading of Shoulder, Elbow and Wrist Joints

“…Kinematic and kinetic data were acquired in 10 healthy male and 10 healthy female subjects (age: 24.9 ± 2.7 years, height: 175.2 ± 9.0 cm, weight: 68.6 ± 11.1 kg). The sample size of n = 20 was in line with similar studies that compared joint kinematics between different types of strength exercise (i.e., n = 15 in [17] or n = 12 in [15]). Inclusion criteria were an age between 18 and 45 years and experience with weight training, with at least two hours per week of training for a sufficient length of time to be familiar with the selected exercises.…”

“…More recently, ref. [15] compared the kinematics and kinetics of the upper limbs during external and internal rotation exercises of the shoulder with constant versus elastic resistance. While the joint RoM did not differ significantly between the two resistance types, shoulder joint loading was found to be significantly higher with constant resistance.…”

Methods of Interpretation of Data From Isokinetic Tests and Mri Studies During Rehabilitation of Patients After Reconstructive Shoulder Joint Surgery

“…4). There is a study in which the selection of the most optimal and safe exercises and the type of resistance for the shoulder joint were selected in accordance with the achieved range of motion (Haberle et al, 2018). On the example of a patient in the study group, we obtained the following results: relief of pain in the first month of rehabilitation, satisfactory muscle strength and joint mobility in full with the ability to perform complex coordination and balance exercises (Fig.…”

Scapular Kinematics in Overhead Squat with and without Elastic Resistance: Insights from Kinetic Chain Approach and Therapeutic Implications for Shoulder Rehabilitation

“…Furthermore, elastic resistance isn't limited to strength and endurance training [25,27]. It contributes significantly to enhancing the range of motion [28,29], joint stability [30], and improving overall performance [25,27]. Its applicability spans across diverse populations, from the youth to the elderly, as well as athletes.…”

“…Its applicability spans across diverse populations, from the youth to the elderly, as well as athletes. However, many existing approaches primarily emphasize unidirectional resistance, whether in association with the kinetic chain [31][32][33][34] or not [28,35]. What's missing is the full integration of elastic resistance into a kinetic chain approach that permeates the entirety of the activity.…”