“…Considering the limitation of US during the caudal epidural injection, the needle tip location could not be precisely identified since it is advanced to the sacral hiatus after the sacrococcygeal ligament. Moreover, intravascular injections during the procedure could not be detected, which may occur in 10.9% of caudal blocks using digital subtraction angiography [ 31 ]. Therefore, the US-guided caudal epidural injection would be designated in category 3, showing the feasibility of US in conjunction with FL confirmation as suggested in a study (N = 120) by Park et al [ 32 ].…”