Comparison of the immunogenicity of five COVID‐19 vaccines in Sri Lanka

Abstract

To determine the antibody responses elicited by different vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2, we compared antibody responses in individuals 3 months post‐vaccination in those who had received different vaccines in Sri Lanka. Abs to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral (wild type) virus (WT) as well as to variants of concern (VoCs), and ACE2 blocking Abs, were assessed in individuals vaccinated with Moderna ( n = 225), Sputnik V ( n = 128) or Sputnik light ( n = 184) and the results were compared with previously reported data on Sinopharm and AZD1222 vaccinees. A total of 99.5% of Moderna, >94% of AZD1222 or Sputnik V and >70% of Sputnik light, >60% of Sinopharm vaccine recipients, had a positive response to ACE2 blocking antibodies. The ACE2 blocking antibody levels were highest to lowest was Moderna > Sputnik V/AZD1222 (had equal levels) > Sputnik light > Sinopharm. All Moderna recipients had antibodies to the RBD of WT, alpha and beta, while positivity rates for delta variant was 80%. The positivity rates for Sputnik V vaccinees for the WT and VoCs were higher than for AZD1222 vaccinees while those who received Sinopharm had the lowest positivity rates (<16.7%). The total antibodies to the RBD were highest for the Sputnik V and AZD1222 vaccinees. The Moderna vaccine elicited the highest ACE2 blocking antibody levels followed by Sputnik V/AZD1222, while those who received Sinopharm had the lowest levels. These findings highlight the need for further studies to understand the effects on clinical outcomes.

Comparison of the kinetics and magnitude of antibody responses to different SARS-CoV-2 proteins in Sinopharm/BBIBP-CorV vaccinees following the BNT162b2 booster or natural infection

“…Although the BNT162b2 was offered as a booster dose to Sri Lankan adults in a step-wise manner since November 2021, only 18% had received the booster dose by the end of 2021 [ 3 ], when the omicron variant started to rapidly spread in the community being detected in Sri Lanka on the 24 th November 2021 [ 11 ]. Sinopharm/BBIBP-CorV vaccine was found to be less immunogenic than the mRNA-1273,AZD1222 and Sputnik V, 3 months post second dose, in a head-to-head comparison in the Sri Lankan population [ 12 ]. Only 18% of Sri Lankans had received the booster dose when the omicron variant was rapidly transmitted in the community and many individuals who had received the Sinopharm/BBIBP-CorV, were naturally infected with the different omicron variants (BA.1, BA.1.1 and BA.2).…”

Immune Response to CoronaVac and Its Safety in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Compared with Healthcare Workers

“…The first factor, vaccine type, is noteworthy, as previous systematic reviews have shown that the majority of COVID-19 vaccines studied are mRNA and recombinant vaccines, while inactivated vaccines comprise a minority. Studies comparing the immunogenicity of different COVID-19 vaccine types have demonstrated that participants who received two doses of Moderna had significantly higher total antibody responses to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) than those who received two doses of AZD1222 ( p < 0.0001) or two doses of Sinopharm ( p = 0.03) [ 29 ]. These findings align with a systematic review that reported lower efficacy and immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines against COVID-19 infection compared to mRNA and recombinant vaccines [ 30 ].…”

Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of Two Automated SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Immunoassays following Two Doses of mRNA, Adenoviral Vector, and Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccinations in COVID-19 Naïve Subjects

“…Vaccine coverage has been quite diverse worldwide, in fact the various types of vaccines have been applied at different ratios. There have been only a few clinical studies on humoral responses, especially outside Europe, where immunogenicity after all main types of COVID-19 vaccine could be investigated [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. The Hungarian vaccination campaign was conducted with five different vaccines during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 [ 24 ].…”

“…Importantly, the production of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was also significantly stronger after vaccination with mRNA vaccines when compared to the other vaccines [ 13 , 15 , 17 , 22 ]. Similarly, the ACE2 blocking antibody levels were the highest to lowest in those with Moderna > Sputnik V/AZD1222 (had equal levels) > Sputnik light > Sinopharm [ 19 ]. In other European cohorts, mRNA vaccines were the most immunogenic after two doses, while the lowest antibody and neutralization potential were observed in the Sinopharm or Johnson and Johnson vaccines [ 20 ].…”

“…Based on a large trial, the mRNA-1273 vaccine showed over 94% efficacy at preventing COVID-19 illness [ 12 ]. There have been only a limited number of publications on immunogenicity studies after two doses of COVID-19 vaccine from those countries where different vaccine types (mRNA, adenoviral vector, inactivated) have been used [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Thus, for the first time, we herein compared the effects of the mRNA, adenoviral vector-based and inactivated whole-virus COVID-19 vaccines via humoral responses in a Hungarian cohort.…”