Comparison of the ginsenoside composition of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) and their transformation pathways

Chen, Wei; Balan, Prabhu; Popovich, David G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817901-7.00006-x

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…From the above results, we found the less polar ginsenosides (both PPD-type and PPT-type), which were not present in the raw ginseng leaves, produced and accumulated through repeated steaming. The literature reported that the less polar ginsenosides can be transformed from the polar ginsenosides with heat process [12]. Briefly, the ginsenosides with big molecules, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rc, can transform to Rd by losing one sugar residue, and then ginsenoside Rd continues to lose sugars to from less polar ginsenosides.…”

Section: The Contents Of Ginsenosides During Different Steaming Timesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ginseng saponins, known as ginsenosides, are thought to be the main bioactive components of ginseng and they have wide health-promoting effects, including anti-ageing [3], anti-stress [4], antioxidative [5], antifatigue [6], anti-diabetes [7], anticancer [8], enhanced liver function [9], improved immune system [10], and improved climacteric disorder and sexual function [11]. To date, nearly two hundred ginsenosides have been isolated and identified from various tissues of ginseng plants [12]. Based on the chemical structures of aglycones moieties, ginsenosides are mainly divided into protopanaxadiol (PPD) type ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3, and so on, or protopanaxatriol (PPT) type ginsenosides, for example, Rg1, Re, Rg2, and Rh1, and so on ( Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are no publications concerning changes in ginsenoside profiles during the leaf steaming process. Ginsenoside Rd can be converted into Rg3 when ginseng is treated with heat-processing [12]. The purpose of this study is to find out whether it is possible to increase the content of ginsenoside Rg3 in black ginseng leaves by following the same process used to make black ginseng root.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes of Ginsenoside Composition in the Creation of Black Ginseng Leaf

2020

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Ginseng is an increasingly popular ingredient in supplements for healthcare products and traditional medicine. Heat-processed ginsengs, such as red ginseng or black ginseng, are regarded as more valuable for medicinal use when compared to white ginseng due to some unique less polar ginsenosides that are produced during heat-treatment. Although ginseng leaf contains abundant ginsenosides, attention has mostly focused on ginseng root; relatively few publications have focused on ginseng leaf. Raw ginseng leaf was steamed nine times to make black ginseng leaf using a process that is similar to that used to produce black ginseng root. Sixteen ginsenosides were analyzed during each steaming while using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of ginsenosides Rd and Re decreased and the less polar ginsenosides (F2, Rg3, Rk2, Rk3, Rh3, Rh4, and protopanaxatriol) enriched during steam treatment. After nine cycles of steaming, the contents of the less polar ginsenosides F2, Rg3, and Rk2 increased by 12.9-fold, 8.6-fold, and 2.6-fold, respectively. Further, we found that the polar protopanaxadiol (PPD) -type ginsenosides are more likely to be converted from ginsenoside Rg3 to ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 via dehydration from Rg3, and from ginsenoside Rh2 to ginsenosides Rk2 and Rh3 through losing an H2O molecule than to be completely degraded to the aglycones PPD during the heat process. This study suggests that ginseng leaves can be used to produce less polar ginsenosides through heat processes, such as steaming.

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Section: The Contents Of Ginsenosides During Different Steaming Timesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes of Ginsenoside Composition in the Creation of Black Ginseng Leaf

2020

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“…Ginsenosides, also known as triterpenoid saponins with a four-ring skeleton structure, are unique to ginseng species. So far, nearly 200 ginsenosides have been identified in Asian ginseng, and more than 100 in American ginseng; 49 ginsenosides coexist in both plant species [6]. Most of them are classified as members of the dammarane family, including the protopanaxadiol (PPD) type and protopanaxatriol (PPT) type.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Ginsenoside Components of Various Tissues of New Zealand Forest-Grown Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolium L.)

2020

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Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) are the two most important ginseng species for their medicinal properties. Ginseng is not only popular to consume, but is also increasingly popular to cultivate. In the North Island of New Zealand, Asian ginseng and American ginseng have been grown in Taupo and Rotorua for more than 15 years. There are no publications comparing the chemical constituents between New Zealand-grown Asian ginseng (NZPG) and New Zealand-grown American ginseng (NZPQ). In this study, fourteen ginsenoside reference standards and LC–MS2 technology were employed to analyze the ginsenoside components of various parts (fine root, rhizome, main root, stem, and leaf) from NZPG and NZPQ. Fifty and 43 ginsenosides were identified from various parts of NZPG and NZPQ, respectively, and 29 ginsenosides were found in both ginseng species. Ginsenoside concentrations in different parts of ginsengs were varied. Compared to other tissues, the fine roots contained the most abundant ginsenosides, not only in NZPG (142.49 ± 1.14 mg/g) but also in NZPQ (115.69 ± 3.51 mg/g). For the individual ginsenosides of both NZPG and NZPQ, concentration of Rb1 was highest in the underground parts (fine root, rhizome, and main root), and ginsenoside Re was highest in the aboveground parts (stem and leaf).

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“…The presence of Rf, a PPD/PPT ratio lower than 2, and a Rb1/Rg1 ratio lower than 5 usually identify Asian ginseng. The content of ginsenosides is affected by seasons, geographical distribution, and processing (fresh ginseng, steamed ginseng or white ginseng, and sun-dried ginseng or red ginseng) [ 220 ]. After oral administration, ginsenosides are mainly metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract and the liver, undergoing successive deglycosylations: Rg3 is a metabolite of Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and Rd, and is further metabolized to Rh2; Rg2 is a metabolite of Re; and Rh1 is a metabolite of both Rg1 and Rg2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers: A Review of Psychiatric and Neurological Adverse Effects

et al. 2020

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Sexual enhancers increase sexual potency, sexual pleasure, or libido. Substances increasing libido alter the concentrations of specific neurotransmitters or sex hormones in the central nervous system. Interestingly, the same pathways are involved in the mechanisms underlying many psychiatric and neurological disorders, and adverse reactions associated with the use of aphrodisiacs are strongly expected. However, sexual enhancers of plant origin have gained popularity over recent years, as natural substances are often regarded as a safer alternative to modern medications and are easily acquired without prescription. We reviewed the psychiatric and neurological adverse effects associated with the consumption of herbal aphrodisiacs Areca catechu L., Argemone Mexicana L., Citrus aurantium L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Lepidium meyenii Walp., Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Panax ginseng C. A. Mey, Panax quinquefolius L., Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille, Piper methysticum G. Forst., Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth., Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N. E. Brown, Turnera diffusa Willd. ex. Schult., Voacanga africana Stapf ex Scott-Elliot, and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. A literature search was conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases with the aim of identifying all the relevant articles published on the issue up to June 2020. Most of the selected sexual enhancers appeared to be safe at therapeutic doses, although mild to severe adverse effects may occur in cases of overdosing or self-medication with unstandardized products. Drug interactions are more concerning, considering that herbal aphrodisiacs are likely used together with other plant extracts and/or pharmaceuticals. However, few data are available on the side effects of several plants included in this review, and more clinical studies with controlled administrations should be conducted to address this issue.

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Comparison of the ginsenoside composition of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) and their transformation pathways

Cited by 21 publications

References 124 publications

Changes of Ginsenoside Composition in the Creation of Black Ginseng Leaf

Changes of Ginsenoside Composition in the Creation of Black Ginseng Leaf

Comparison of Ginsenoside Components of Various Tissues of New Zealand Forest-Grown Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolium L.)

Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers: A Review of Psychiatric and Neurological Adverse Effects

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