Comparison of the fabrication methods, formation dynamics, structure, and delivery performance of solid nanoparticles and hollow layer‐by‐layer edible/biodegradable nanodelivery systems

Abstract

Aim: This article summarizes and reviews recent studies on nanoparticulation of solid and hollow nanoparticles using edible proteins and carbohydrates from plant and animal origin and shares new research conducted in our laboratory on fabrication of biopolymer-based nanodelivery systems. Methods:We compare the properties of nanoparticles fabricated using desolvation, coacervation, and layer-by-layer assembly. The parameters affecting the morphological and physical states of the nanodelivery systems as well as their abilities to encapsulate bioactive compounds, and the mechanisms of the nanoparticulation process are discussed in detail. Results:The article offers methods that need to be used with each nanoparticulation technique along with key characterization data obtained. The effect of varying a wide range of parameters on particle size, size distribution, morphology, effect of solvents and non-solvents, effect of surface charge of polyelectrolytes, effect of fabrication conditions are presented. Conclusions:We believe the article gives enough detail to give the reader useful information related to the performance of all the different nanoparticles studied in our laboratory over the last 6 years.Practical applications: Biopolymer based nanodelivery systems presented in this article, have great potential to be used in the nutraceutical, food, pharmaceutical industries as well as agriculture. The biodegradable and edible nature of these nanodelivery systems make them safe for incorporating into food and nutraceutical materials, because, the biopolymers used in their fabrication are biocompatible polymers of food origin that are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) (Food and Drug Administration, The Daily Journal of the United States Government, 2016). Therefore, use of edible polymer-based nanoparticles would be safer and less toxic and consequently better for all these industries. For example, in the food industry, antioxidant compounds can be encapsulated which would then be incorporated into packaging materials and that would help maintain freshness and good quality and would prevent oxidative deterioration of foods to increase shelf life. Pesticides and insecticides can also be encapsulated in these

Development, Characterization and Resveratrol Delivery of Hollow Gliadin Nanoparticles: Advantages over Solid Gliadin Nanoparticles

“…In recent years, hollow nanoparticles (HNPs), a novel type of nanoparticles with cavities inside the shell, have received extensive attention from researchers [ 10 , 11 ]. The unique hollow structure of HNPs endows them with distinctive advantages, including a large specific surface area, favorable stability, low density and a high loading capacity, which also make them widely used in biomedicine, catalysis, energy and environment fields [ 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

“…For instance, Gupta et al (2023) successfully developed hollow gold nanoparticles using calcium phosphate nanoparticles as templates to encapsulate horseradish peroxidase, which improved the activity and efficiency of horseradish peroxidase in cancer treatment [16]. In terms of serving as delivery carriers for bioactive substances, HNPs possess the following advantages over conventional solid nanoparticles [10,17,18]: (i) the internal cavity of HNPs can encapsulate more bioactive substances, which leads to higher encapsulation efficiency; (ii) the content of the biopolymers used is significantly reduced, which leads to lower bulk density; (iii) bioactive substances are encapsulated within the cavity of HNPs, which can provide better protection for them. However, the preparation process of HNPs is complicated and usually requires some extreme conditions (high temperatures, strong alkaline, strong acid, etc.).…”