Comparison of the Effects of Dexmedetomidine vs. Ketamine in Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats – Preliminary Study

Abstract

Objectives. Following ischemia/reperfusion injury, antioxidant defense mechanisms may remain insufficient depending on the duration of ischemia which is caused by any reason (MI, after percutaneous coronary intervention, during cardiac surgery). After that, free oxygen radicals increasing within the cell cause structural deterioration. Cytokines which activate a series of reactions that cause tissue damage and inflammatory response are released during reperfusion of ischemic tissues. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Material and Methods. The study included 18 rats randomly divided into three groups. Group I/R (n = 6): control, Group I/R-K (n = 6): ketamine, and Group I/R-D (n = 6): dexmedetomidine. Before the 10 min surgery, after the 20 min ischemia and 20 min reperfusion period, hemodynamic parameters were compared among the three groups. After the 45 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion period, tissue samples were obtained from the rat hearts, and MDA, SOD, GSH-Px, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were compared. Results. MDA and GSH-Px levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups. However, both levels were similar in the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups. SOD levels were significantly lower in the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups compared to the control group, but they were similar in the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups. IL-1β levels were similar in all groups. TNF-α levels were significantly lower in the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups compared to the control group. They were similar in the ketamine and dexmedetomidine groups. Conclusions. According to our study, it can be concluded that dexmedetomidine and ketamine have similar effects on reducing myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Dexmedetomidine provides better heart rate control but causes hypotension, so, because of cardiac depression, we think that its clinical use may necessitate further investigation (Adv Clin Exp Med 2014, 23, 5, 683-689).Key words: dexmedetomidine, ketamine, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality at the present time and is also responsible for about half of the deaths in developed countries. CAD is the result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries. The deposition of the plaque in the lumen of an artery causes a narrowing of the lumen of the artery by decreasing its diameter. Atherosclerotic plaques reduce the blood flow due to narrowing of the lumen and coronary artery vasospasm.Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury constitutes the basis of the pathophysiology due to angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (MI), cerebral

Distinctive effect of anesthetics on the effect of limb remote ischemic postconditioning following ischemic stroke

“…It has been reported that LRIP effectively reduces the ischemic injury of the brain [34], heart [35], or other organs [36] in experimental and clinical research. Many anesthetics are reported to be able to reduce the ischemic brain injury by offering neuroprotection through anti-inflammatory [6] or anti-apoptotic/anti-cell death effects [8]. Apart from that, a growing body of preclinical literature also implicates anesthetic agents such as barbiturates, volatile anesthetics, propofol, and isoflurane in exhibiting neuroprotective properties in various preclinical studies [37,38].…”

“…Some of the common anesthetics used during MCAO include chloral hydrate, isoflurane, sevoflurane, ketamine, and ketamine-xylazine [3][4][5]. These anesthetics have also been documented to have some anti-inflammatory [6,7] and anti-apoptotic properties [8], which may protect the brain from stroke pathology. Ketamine and halothane are also widely used anesthetics for many surgical procedures in animal models [9], and conflicting results have been reported.…”

“…Ketamine has been shown to provide neuroprotective effects in rat models [9,10]. Ketamine is also reported to reduce brain injury by inhibiting apoptosis [11] and to attenuate IR in a chronic post-ischemic pain model of ischemia [7] and myocardial IR [6] through its anti-inflammatory effects. In another study, Ridenour et al [12] used a rat MCAO model and showed that ketamine and halothane had no significant effects on cerebral infarct and neurological function.…”

“…In another study, Ridenour et al [12] used a rat MCAO model and showed that ketamine and halothane had no significant effects on cerebral infarct and neurological function. Ketamine has also been proved to reduce hind limb ischemia [7] and myocardium IR [6] through its anti-inflammatory effects. Other anesthetics used alone or in combination, such as sevoflurane and ketamine-xylazine, have also been proved to reduce injury in hepatic IR [13], cardiac IR [14], and brain IR [15].…”

Targeting PEPT1: a novel strategy to improve the antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin in human hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

“…This is also one of the important mechanisms of cardiac toxicity induced by Doxorubicin [33, 34]. GSH-PX was able to catalyze reduction reaction of reduced glutathione with hydrogen peroxide specifically, and remove harmful peroxide metabolites timely, thereby block a series of lipid peroxidation and protect structure and function of cell completely [35]. The activity of SOD indirectly reflects the ability of removing oxygen free radicals [36].…”