“…One example is butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM), which is a combination of butorphanol (schedule IV) with azaperone and medetomidine (both unscheduled). This has been tested in several species, such as white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus; Siegal-Willott et al 2009), American black bears ( Ursus americanus ; Wolfe et al 2008), lions, ( Panthera leo ; Semjonov et al 2017), American bison, ( Bison bison ; Harms et al 2018), rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ; Malinowski et al 2019), and Asian palm civets ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ; Ahmad et al 2021). Most studies noted that BAM was effective for immobilization; however, hypoxemia has been noted in guanaco ( Lama guanicoe ; Georoff et al 2010) and red deer ( Cervus elaphus ; Wolfe, Fisher, Davis et al 2014), and an insufficient depth of anesthesia was noted for hole drilling for tail transmitter placement in American beavers ( Castor canadensis ; Roug et al 2018).…”