Comparison of the Casagrande and Fall Cone Methods for Liquid Limit Determinations in Different Clay Soils

Crevelin, Letícia Garcia; Bicalho, Kátia Vanessa

doi:10.1590/18069657rbcs20180105

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The first evaluation that can be done is that the Fall Cone method and Casagrande apparatus generally give different values for the liquid limits, as already proven by some researches (Wood, 1982;Leroueil & Le Bihan, 1996;Crevelin & Bicalho, 2019). And when comparing the values between Casagrande and Fall Cone methods, for most samples, it is noticed that the higher values were obtained with the Fall Cone.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Determination of liquid limit by the Fall Cone method

Clemente¹,

Faro²,

Moncada³

2020

S&R

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The knowledge of soil characterization parameters allows identification and classification of materials. Also, indicates the soil behavior in front of stress and deformation. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the methods available for determining the liquid limit by the Casagrande device and Fall Cone equipment. The classic method of Casagrande was developed by Arthur Casagrande in 1932 and the Swedish Fall Cone was developed by Geotechnical Commission of the Swedish State Railways in 1915. To guarantee the representativeness of the evaluation, 31 Brazilian soil samples from different origins were tested (marine, residual, colluvium and tailings). In order to understand the behavior of the samples and evaluate the applicability of the Swedish Fall Cone method were determined other geotechnical properties as a percentage of fines, specific gravity and plastic limit. The results show that the values obtained with the Casagrande method are slightly lower than with the Fall Cone equipment. It was observed a coherent correlation between the methods for liquid limits values less than 80 % with a corresponding coefficient of determination R 2 of 0,9453. Above this moisture content, it was not possible to verify any correlations between the methods applied.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Determination of liquid limit by the Fall Cone method

Clemente¹,

Faro²,

Moncada³

2020

S&R

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“…Comparing the LL values of medium plasticity soils, it is observed that the LLCONE values are slightly higher than the LLCUP values, with a difference of less than 6 %. Several researchers have noted that, at lower LL levels, the LLCUP values tend to be slightly smaller than the LLCONE values (Özer, 2009;Zentar et al, 2009;Crevelin and Bicalho, 2019;Niazi et al, 2020) Notably, there are some differences in the results of CPC and FCT tests for soils with high plasticity. In these cases, LLCONE tends to underestimate the LLCUP values by about 16 %.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it has several limitations and potential inaccuracies. These include the need for subjective judgment when determining groove closure length, sensitivity to variations in apparatus adjustment techniques, difficulties in maintaining the apparatus, challenges in achieving repeatability, the impact of the cup and base stiffness on results, frequency of drop, wear of the grooving tool, and difficulties in cutting grooves in certain soil types (Wroth and Wood, 1978;Wasti and Bezirci, 1986;Özer, 2009;Spagnoli, 2012;Haigh, 2012Haigh, , 2016El-Shinawi, 2017;Crevelin, 2019). To address these issues, many researchers proposed the fall cone test (FCT) to determine the LL (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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iquid limit determination of medium to high plasticity Algerian soils using fall-cone vs Casagrande percussion cup methods

Malki

2024

AGG

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Determining the liquid limit (LL) of fine-grained soils is crucial in geotechnical site investigations. For a long time, the Casagrande Percussion Cup (CPC) test has been the standard method for this purpose. Although the Fall Cone Test (FCT) provides more repeatable results compared to the CPC test, its utilization remains limited in Algeria. To assess the effectiveness of the FCT, a comparative study was conducted using mixtures of bentonite and natural soils from Algeria. The choice of bentonite as an additive to soils with low plasticity is in order to formulate new samples with a wide range of plasticity. Our results showed that the LL CONE values slightly exceeded the LL CUP values for natural soil samples with medium plasticity. However, for soils with high and extreme plasticity, the LL CONE values significantly underestimated the LL CUP values. To address this issue, an equation was developed to convert LL CONE measurements to LL CUP values. This equation is consistent with previous literature and could help promote the adoption of the FCT method for geotechnical site investigations in Algeria.

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“…The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) recognizes water's role and considers the Atterberg limits to classify silty and clayey soils. Although it is a classification system with a long tradition of use, there are still discussions about the influence of different test methods on the liquid limit value -LL -as in the case of Casagrande apparatus and the fall cone tests (Crevelin & Bicalho 2019;Niazi et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Electrochemistry and Mineralogy in the Geotechnical Behavior of Salinized Soils

et al. 2021

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The Atterberg limits are essential information and the first step in soil classification for geotechnical purposes. Established laboratoryprocedures use distilled water in the plasticity and liquid limits determination. However, saline solutions frequently interact with soilsin the construction environment through fluid percolation processes. This work aims to understand the variation of the geotechnicalbehavior of two standard materials with different mineralogical compositions (kaolinitic and smectitic) when affected by NaCl ionicsolutions in different concentrations. The purpose is to simulate different soils in environments with the presence of saline solutions.This paper reports an experimental program in which a kaolinite-rich and a smectite-rich material received NaCl solutions in threedifferent concentrations (0.6 %, 3.5 %, and 15.0 %) and had their Atterberg limits determined under these conditions. Additionally,non-contaminated samples of both materials have had their limits measured using distilled water. Physical characterization testsincluded hygroscopic moisture, grain size distribution, grain density, plastic limit (PL), and liquid limit (LL). These data allowed thedetermination of the Skempton activity index (AI), plasticity index (PI), consistency index (CI), classification of soils in the UnifiedSoil Classification System (USCS), and in the Highway Research Board (HRB) with the group index (GI). Mineralogy was determinedby X-ray diffraction and physical chemistry by measuring pH in H2O and KCl, determining the ΔpH, the point of zero-charge (PZC),and the surface electrical potential (Ψo). The results show that the pH values rise with increasing salinity, while ΔpH, PZC, Ψo, LL,AI, PI, GI decrease with increasing salinity. The PL decreases with the increase in salinity for smectite and increases for kaolinite. TheUSCS and HRB demonstrate that the materials start to behave as fewer plastic materials with increased salinity. It is concluded that thevariations in the physicochemical parameters of the environment control and modify the geotechnical behavior of the fine-grained soils.

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Comparison of the Casagrande and Fall Cone Methods for Liquid Limit Determinations in Different Clay Soils

Abstract: How to cite: Crevelin LG, Bicalho KV. Comparison of the Casagrande and Fall Cone methods for liquid limit determinations in different clay soils. Rev Bras Cienc Solo. 2019;43:e0180105.

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

Determination of liquid limit by the Fall Cone method

Determination of liquid limit by the Fall Cone method

iquid limit determination of medium to high plasticity Algerian soils using fall-cone vs Casagrande percussion cup methods

The Role of Electrochemistry and Mineralogy in the Geotechnical Behavior of Salinized Soils

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