Comparison of the breadth and complexity of bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) populations circulating in 34 persistently infected cattle generated in one outbreak

Ridpath, Julia F.; Bayles, Darrell O.; Neill, John D.; Falkenberg, Shollie M.; Bauermann, Fernando V.; Holler, Larry D.; Braun, L. J.; Young, Douglas B.; Kane, Susan E.; Chase, Christopher

doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.022

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…While the BVDV persistently infected (PI) animal does not respond to the virus it carries, it does have the capability to normally respond to other antigens and produce antibodies (Ab) following infection with BVDV strains that are antigenically divergent from the virus the animal is harboring [ 7 , 22 , 29 , 35 ]. Another interesting characteristic of BVDV and HoBi-like pestivirus PI animals is the variation in the genetic diversity or breadth of viral swarms [ 25 , 33 ] observed between individual animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of thymus-associated lymphoid depletion in bovine calves acutely or persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 or HoBi-like pestivirus

2017

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Naïve pregnant cattle exposed to pestiviruses between 40-125 days of gestation can give birth to persistently infected (PI) calves. Clinical presentation and survivability, in PI cattle, is highly variable even with the same pestivirus strain whereas the clinical presentation in acute infections is more uniform with severity of symptoms being primarily a function of virulence of the infecting virus. The aim of this study was to compare thymic depletion, as measured by comparing the area of the thymic cortex to the medulla (corticomedullary ratio), in acute and persistent infections of the same pestivirus isolate. The same general trends were observed with each pestivirus isolate. Thymic depletion was observed in both acutely and persistently infected calves. The average thymic depletion observed in acutely infected calves was greater than that in age matched PI calves. PI calves, regardless of infecting virus, revealed a greater variability in amount of depletion compared to acutely infected calves. A trend was observed between survivability and depletion of the thymus, with PI calves surviving less than 5 weeks having lower corticomedullary ratios and greater depletion. This is the first study to compare PI and acutely infected calves with the same isolates as well as to evaluate PI calves based on survivability. Further, this study identified a quantifiable phenotype associated with potential survivability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of thymus-associated lymphoid depletion in bovine calves acutely or persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 or HoBi-like pestivirus

2017

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“…While this may be more error-prone that an amplification-free approach, it clearly has value where the amount or complexity of input material makes direct sequencing difficult. The use of PCR and clone counting approaches (55,56) to assess quasispecies variation supports the view that read-counting within NGS data from such PCR products may yield accurate quantitative data. This suggests that analysis of quasispecies variation in pestiviruses (and potentially other RNA viruses) could focus on uncultured samples from infected individuals rather than after virus isolation, potentially taking advantage of amplification methods to derive genome level quasispecies data.…”

Section: Quasispecies Variation Observed In Pcr Derived Sequencementioning

confidence: 75%

“…Specific studies of BVD virus quasispecies variation have generally focused on individual genes, by counting clones of PCR products reflecting sequence variation within an E1/E2 fragment (55) or in the E2 and NS5B genes (56). Other studies have compared the virus consensus sequences between sequentially-infected individuals, inferring the nature and rates of quasispecies variation between hosts (39).…”

Section: Quasispecies Variation Observed In Pcr Derived Sequencementioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus loses quasispecies diversity rapidly in culture

Russell

Zadoks

Willoughby

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an important disease of cattle with significant impacts on animal health and welfare. The wide host range of the causative pestiviruses may lead to formation of virus reservoirs in other ruminant or wildlife species, presenting a concern for the long-term success of BVD eradication campaigns. It is likely that the quasispecies nature of these RNA viruses contributes to their interspecies transmission by providing genetic plasticity. Understanding the spectrum of sequence variants present in BVD persistently infected (PI) animals is therefore essential for studies of virus transmission. To analyse quasispecies diversity without amplification bias, we extracted viral RNA from serum of a PI cow, and from cell culture fluid after three passages of the same virus in culture, to produce cDNA without amplification. Sequencing of this material using Illumina 250bp paired-read technology produced full-length virus consensus sequences from both sources and demonstrated the quasispecies diversity of this Pestivirus A type 1a field strain within serum and after culture. We report the distribution and diversity of over 800 single nucleotide polymorphisms and provide evidence for a loss of diversity after only three passages in cell culture, implying that cultured viruses cannot be used to understand quasispecies diversity and may not provide reliable molecular markers for source tracing or transmission studies.Additionally, both serum and cultured viruses could be sequenced as a set of 25 overlapping PCR amplicons that demonstrated the same consensus sequences and the presence of many of the same quasispecies variants. The observation that aspects of the quasispecies structure revealed by massively parallel sequencing are also detected after PCR and Sanger sequencing suggests that this approach may be useful for small or difficult to analyse samples. Impact statementBovine viral diarrhoea viruses are globally important cattle pathogens, which impact performance due to acute infection and BVD-induced immunosuppression. Eradication of BVD in cattle is widely pursued but is hampered by the production of persistently infected (PI) calves -the offspring of cows infected in early pregnancy -which shed virus constantly and drive BVD spread. Genetic variation in BVD viruses is an important feature of their biology, allowing them to adapt to changing conditions and to infect different hosts. Inaccurate virus replication produces a population of viruses

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“…O PINIOR et ál., 2017;RICHTER et ál., 2017;SORAIRES SANTACRUZ et ál., 2017;ZHAO et ál., 2015), which is differentiáted into two species (BVDV1 ánd BVDV2) of the fámily Flaviviridae ánd the genus Pestivirus (RIDPATH et ál., 2015). Most of the ácute infections cáused by BVDV áre subclinicál ánd tránsitory (ALPAY; YESILBAG, 2015;PALOMARES et ál., 2015).…”

Section: Palavras-chaveunclassified

Frequency and risk factors associated with the bovine viral diarrhea virus in herds in the semiarid region of the states of Bahia and Pernambuco, Brazil

Souza

Santos

Souza

et al. 2019

AVB

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Article historyBovine virál diárrheá virus (BVDV) is án importánt virál páthogen in cáttle. There áre á few reports of this diseáse in northeástern Brázil, máinly in the semiárid region. The goál of this study wás to determine both the frequency of seropositive ánimáls, ánd the risk fáctors for BVDV in the municipálities of Báhiá ánd Pernámbuco. A non-probábilistic sámpling wás initiálly employed to determine the properties to be visited, whereás á probábilistic sámpling wás used to determine the number of ánimáls per property. Serum sámples were submitted to á seroneutrálizátion test to determine the ántibody titer for BVDV. An epidemiologicál questionnáire wás used in the herds to eváluáte the correlátion ánd ássociátion between possible risk fáctors ánd BVDV infection in these herds. Of the 257 ánimáls in the study, 144 were positive for infection BVDV, resulting in án overáll frequency of 56.0%. The highest frequency wás observed in Miguel Cálmon (76.1%) ánd followed by Senhor do Bonfim (53.1%). The váriábles identified ás risk fáctors for the BVDV infection were án extensive breeding system (OR = 2.58) ánd á mixed livestock purpose (beef ánd dáiry) (OR = 3.32). The presence of BVDV-seropositive ánimáls in the ássessed municipálities suggests the circulátion of the virál ágent in these locátions. Therefore, control ánd preventive meásures must be implemented in order to minimize losses due to the diseáse, such ás monitoring of the properties through láborátory tests, eliminátion of infected ánimáls, ánd the use of váccines in the indicáted regions by the ánimál heálth depártment.

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Comparison of the breadth and complexity of bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) populations circulating in 34 persistently infected cattle generated in one outbreak

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

Characterization of thymus-associated lymphoid depletion in bovine calves acutely or persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 or HoBi-like pestivirus

Characterization of thymus-associated lymphoid depletion in bovine calves acutely or persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 or HoBi-like pestivirus

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus loses quasispecies diversity rapidly in culture

Frequency and risk factors associated with the bovine viral diarrhea virus in herds in the semiarid region of the states of Bahia and Pernambuco, Brazil

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