Comparison of temporospatial and kinetic variables of walking in small and large dogs on a pressure-sensing walkway

Kim, Jongmin; Kazmierczak, Kris A.; Breur, Gert J.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.72.9.1171

Cited by 89 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…The over ground walking cycle duration reported by Kim and Breur (2008) ±4.03) in the hindlimb, which was also similar to this study. However, these studies reported shorter stride lengths (0.84 ± 0.05 m to 0.85 ± 0.07 m) in comparison to this study, which may be due to differences in breed investigated and measurement approach (kinematic vs. kinetic; treadmill vs. over ground).…”

Section: Europe Pmc Funders Groupsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Similarly, horses have also shown non-habituation to treadmill walking after nine training sessions over 5 days (Buchner et al, 1994). No other studies have been identified which investigated the habitation of animals to walk on a treadmill.The over ground walking cycle duration reported by Kim and Breur (2008) ±4.03) in the hindlimb, which was also similar to this study. However, these studies reported shorter stride lengths (0.84 ± 0.05 m to 0.85 ± 0.07 m) in comparison to this study, which may be due to differences in breed investigated and measurement approach (kinematic vs. kinetic; treadmill vs. over ground).…”

supporting

confidence: 79%

“…Furthermore during over ground walking, stance durations of Suffolk sheep (Kim and Breur, 2008) and Santa Ines sheep (Agostinho et al, 2012) ranged from 59.09% (±0.73) to 66.31% (±3.41) in the forelimb and 61.32% (±1.71) to 68.89% (±4.03) in the hindlimb, which was also similar to this study. However, these studies reported shorter stride lengths (0.84 ± 0.05 m to 0.85 ± 0.07 m) in comparison to this study, which may be due to differences in breed investigated and measurement approach (kinematic vs. kinetic; treadmill vs. over ground).…”

supporting

confidence: 78%

“…The over ground walking cycle duration reported by Kim and Breur (2008) in Suffolk sheep is similar to the MCD in this study. Furthermore during over ground walking, stance durations of Suffolk sheep (Kim and Breur, 2008) and Santa Ines sheep (Agostinho et al, 2012) ranged from 59.09% (±0.73) to 66.31% (±3.41) in the forelimb and 61.32% (±1.71) to 68.89% (±4.03) in the hindlimb, which was also similar to this study.…”

supporting

confidence: 70%

“…As a part of a larger comparative biomechanical human and sheep study, this study examined some key aspects of ovine locomotion. While the kinetics of sheep locomotion over ground have been reported (Kim and Breur, 2008;Agostinho et al, 2012), adequate descriptions of temporospatial locomotion parameters in healthy sheep using a kinematic set-up and treadmill are lacking, as are the number of training sessions required for treadmill habituation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report kinematic parameters in mature sheep during treadmill walking, and to identify habituation to treadmill walk over five treadmill sessions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinematic parameters of sheep walking on a treadmill

Valentin

Essigbeck

Wolfram

et al. 2014

The Veterinary Journal

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Ovine locomotion studies are rare, despite their relevance for medical research. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate habituation and temporospatial parameters during treadmill walking of seven Austrian Mountain sheep. Sheep were naïve to treadmill exercise. During five treadmill sessions, movement cycle duration (MCD), vertical trunk movement (VTM), stride height (SH), stride length (SL), and percentage of movement cycle at stance (%St) were assessed. Two sheep were excluded from the study because they would not walk on the treadmill. From the end measurement session, MCD (0.95 s) and %St (62%) were similar to reported kinetics of sheep walking over ground, although stride length (1.05 m) was longer in this study. These findings suggest that sheep may require more than five sessions to become habituated to treadmill walking. KeywordsSheep; Locomotion; Kinematics; Habituation; Treadmill Live sheep are commonly used as an animal model for orthopaedic research. Due to the similarities between ovine and human skeletons, sheep are often used in studies of the human spine (Reitmaier et al., 2013) and knee joints (Tapper et al., 2006(Tapper et al., , 2008. Extrapolation from sheep models to humans can only be meaningful if biomechanical interspecies variations are well documented. As a part of a larger comparative biomechanical human and sheep study, this study examined some key aspects of ovine locomotion. While the kinetics of sheep locomotion over ground have been reported (Kim and Breur, 2008;Agostinho et al., 2012), adequate descriptions of temporospatial locomotion parameters in healthy sheep using a kinematic set-up and treadmill are lacking, as are the number of training sessions required for treadmill habituation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report kinematic parameters in mature sheep during treadmill walking, and to identify habituation to treadmill walk over five treadmill sessions. Conflict of interest statementNone of the authors of this paper has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organisations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper. Seven mature Austrian Mountain sheep (2.1 ± 0.88 years; 72.2 ± 7.29 kg) were included. All sheep were accustomed to walking and trotting in-hand over the non-moving treadmill (Mustang 2200, Kagra). Ethical approval was granted from the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research (13/10/97/2011). Europe PMC Funders GroupAll of the sheep were deemed to be sound by an experienced orthopaedic veterinarian. Reflective markers were attached to the head, withers, sacrum, and below each fetlock joint. Ten high speed cameras (Eagle Digital Real Time System; 1200 Hz) were used for kinematic data collection using kinematic software (Cortex 3.6, Motion Analysis). Data were collected during four treadmill training sessions (A-D) and an end session (E), against which all measurements were compared. Training days were interspersed by over ground exercise only or rest (Table 1). Sessions A-D con...

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Section: Europe Pmc Funders Groupsupporting

confidence: 79%

supporting

confidence: 79%

supporting

confidence: 78%

supporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinematic parameters of sheep walking on a treadmill

Valentin

Essigbeck

Wolfram

et al. 2014

The Veterinary Journal

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Prevention of cartilage degeneration and gait asymmetry by lubricin tribosupplementation in the rat following anterior cruciate ligament transection

Jay¹,

Elsaid²,

Kelly³

et al. 2012

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective To investigate whether cartilage degeneration is prevented or minimized in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rat model following a single dose-escalated intra-articular injection of lubricin derived from human synoviocytes in culture (HSL). Methods Unilateral ACL transection (ACLT) of the right hindlimb was performed in Lewis rats (N = 56). Control animals underwent a capsulotomy alone leaving the ACL intact (N = 11). Intra-articular injections (50μl/injection) of PBS (N = 14) and HSL (N = 14; 1600μg/ml) were performed on day 7 post-surgery. Animals were euthanized on day 70 post-surgery. Histological specimens were immunoprobed for lubricin, and sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Urinary CTX-II (uCTX-II) levels were measured on day 35 and 70 post-surgery. Hindlimb maximum applied force was determined using a variable resistor walkway to monitor quadruped gait asymmetries. Results Increased immunostaining for lubricin in the superficial zone and on the surface of cartilage was observed in lubricin-treated and control animals but not the PBS-treated nor the untreated ACLT animals. On post-operative day 35 and 70, uCTXII levels of HSL-treated animals were lower than corresponding untreated and PBS-treated (p=0.005; p<0.001 respectively) animals. ACLT animals treated with HSL and control animals distributed their weight equally between hindlimbs compared to PBS treated or untreated animals (p<0.01). Conclusion A single intra-articular injection of concentrated lubricin, following ACLT, reduced collagen type II degradation and improved weight bearing in the affected joint. This study supports the practice of tribosupplementation with lubricin in retarding cartilage degeneration and possibly the development of post-traumatic OA.

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Ontogenetic change of the weight support pattern in growing dogs

et al. 2014

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Weight support patterns vary widely among mammals. Differences in how much of the body weight is supported by the fore- versus the hind-limbs are well documented among and within species. Intraindividual variation due to ontogenetic processes has been studied in several hindlimb-dominated species and consistently showed a caudal shift in the limbs' support roles. We hypothesized that forelimb-dominated species exhibit a cranial shift in their support pattern and tested this hypothesis by examining the vertical ground reaction forces in growing dogs. Six male Beagle siblings were studied from 9 to 51 postnatal weeks (PW) of age while they trotted on an instrumented treadmill. Ontogenetic shifting in fore-to-hind support was evaluated using vertical force ratios (i.e., peak and impulse) as well as the stance time ratio of the fore- and the hind-limbs. Because morphological and kinematic characteristics influence weight support patterns, changes in body shape (i.e., trunk shape), and average limb position were determined. As in adult dogs, the forelimbs carried a greater proportion of the body weight than the hindlimbs at all ages. When the dogs were younger, peak vertical force occurred earlier during stance in the hindlimbs but not the forelimbs. Both the increasing ratio of the vertical force and the increasing ratio of the stance times indicate an increasing weight support by the forelimbs (i.e., 59% at PW9 vs. 63% at PW51). The observed ontogenetic changes in trunk shape and average limb angle were consistent with this cranial shift in weight support.

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Comparison of temporospatial and kinetic variables of walking in small and large dogs on a pressure-sensing walkway

Cited by 89 publications

References 13 publications

Kinematic parameters of sheep walking on a treadmill

Kinematic parameters of sheep walking on a treadmill

Prevention of cartilage degeneration and gait asymmetry by lubricin tribosupplementation in the rat following anterior cruciate ligament transection

Ontogenetic change of the weight support pattern in growing dogs

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