Comparison of Surface Functionalization of PLGA Composite to Immobilize Extracellular Vesicles

Abstract

Endothelialization by materials provides a promising approach for the rapid re-endothelialization of a cardiovascular implantation. Although previous studies have focused on improving endothelialization through the immobilization of bioactive molecules onto the surface of biodegradable implants, comparative studies of effective surface modification have not yet been reported. Here, we conducted a comparative study on the surface modification of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based composites to graft mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) using three different materials, fibronectin (FN), polyethylenimine (PEI), and polydopamine (PDA), which have different bond strengths of ligand–receptor interaction, ionic bond, and covalent bond, respectively. Further in vitro analysis exhibited that MSC-EVs released from all modified films sustainably, but the MSC-EVs grafted onto the surface coated with PEI are more effective than other groups in increasing angiogenesis and reducing the inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. Therefore, the overall results demonstrated that PEI is a desirable coating reagent for the immobilization of MSC-EVs on the surface of biodegradable implants.

Surface Modification Progress for PLGA-Based Cell Scaffolds

“…Materials with a higher Mw and more cations are more toxic, and even low Mw polycations might disrupt cell membranes over time, indicating that there is no such thing as “non-toxic” polycations [ 120 ]. However, it has been reported that extracellular vesicles derived from MSCs, which are released from PEI surface-modified PLGA materials, could reduce the inflammation of endothelial cells and increase angiogenesis [ 121 ].…”

Multiplexed PLGA scaffolds with nitric oxide-releasing zinc oxide and melatonin-modulated extracellular vesicles for severe chronic kidney disease

“…Additionally, extracellular vesicles derived from melatonin-preconditioned hUCMSC cultured in CDM (mEV) were immobilized onto the PMEZ scaffold after coating with positively charged polyethylenimine (PEI) to capture EVs and maximize therapeutic activities with sustained release of EVs in biological condition. 53 The formation of highly porous structures to enable cell migration and diffusion of bioactive components between scaffolds and peripheral tissues was monitored using cross-sectional images from scanning electron microscopy. All types of scaffolds showed similar porosity with the addition of MH-RA, ECM, and ZnO-ALA due to the use of an equal ratio of ice particles for controlling scaffold porosity (Fig.…”

“…To maximize biological activities of released mEVs from the PLGA-based scaffold, polyethylenimine (PEI) was coated onto the surfaces of scaffolds as already established protocol from our Lab. 53 Continuously, mEVs were loaded onto the hydrated PEI-coated PMEZ scaffolds. The cross sectioned morphology of the scaffolds was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM; GENESIS-1000, Emcraft, Gwangju, Korea).…”

Extracellular Vesicles in Tissue Engineering: Biology and Engineered Strategy

“…Along the line of these thoughts, it can be concluded that PEI-EVs are not inert and play a key role in determining recipient cells' fates. [131] Woo et al [132] have conducted a study to compare the effects of different surface modification strategies on PLGA composites. Such research was few in number.…”

“…[ 131 ] Woo et al. [ 132 ] have conducted a study to compare the effects of different surface modification strategies on PLGA composites. Such research was few in number.…”