Comparison of Static and Dynamic Assays When Quantifying Thermal Plasticity of Drosophilids

Bak, Christian Winther; Bahrndorff, Simon; Noer, Natasja Krog; Jørgensen, Lisa Bjerregaard; Overgaard, Johannes; Kristensen, Torsten Nygaard

doi:10.3390/insects11080537

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…We measured the tolerance of Rickettsiella (+) and Rickettsiella (−) aphids to high temperatures using static and dynamic heat knockdown assays ( 85 ). In each experiment, 7-d-old aphids were placed individually in 5 mL glass vials that were sealed with a plastic screw-top lid.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rapidly spreading deleterious aphid endosymbiont that uses horizontal as well as vertical transmission

Ross

Gill

et al. 2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Endosymbiotic bacteria that live inside the cells of insects are typically only transmitted maternally and can spread by increasing host fitness and/or modifying reproduction in sexual hosts. Transinfections of Wolbachia endosymbionts are now being used to introduce useful phenotypes into sexual host populations, but there has been limited progress on applications using other endosymbionts and in asexual populations. Here, we develop a unique pathway to application in aphids by transferring the endosymbiont Rickettsiella viridis to the major crop pest Myzus persicae . Rickettsiella infection greatly reduced aphid fecundity, decreased heat tolerance, and modified aphid body color, from light to dark green. Despite inducing host fitness costs, Rickettsiella spread rapidly through caged aphid populations via plant-mediated horizontal transmission. The phenotypic effects of Rickettsiella were sensitive to temperature, with spread only occurring at 19 °C and not 25 °C. Body color modification was also lost at high temperatures despite Rickettsiella maintaining a high density. Rickettsiella shows the potential to spread through natural M. persicae populations by horizontal transmission and subsequent vertical transmission. Establishment of Rickettsiella in natural populations could reduce crop damage by modifying population age structure, reducing population growth and providing context-dependent effects on host fitness. Our results highlight the importance of plant-mediated horizontal transmission and interactions with temperature as drivers of endosymbiont spread in asexual insect populations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rapidly spreading deleterious aphid endosymbiont that uses horizontal as well as vertical transmission

Ross

Gill

et al. 2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…To capture the impact of viral infection upon mosquito thermal limits, we assayed individuals in the thermal KD setup by using a static tolerance assay as compared to a dynamic assay, in which the insect is gradually exposed to ramping temperatures until thermal knockdown (KD) is achieved. However, whether these two physiological assays provide comparable measures for heat tolerance has been questioned [66]. The overall outcome for both assays is dependent on the duration of heat exposure and the temperature at which thermal stress occurs [50].…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbes increase thermal sensitivity in the mosquito Aedes aegypti, with the potential to change disease distributions

Ware-Gilmore

Sgrò

et al. 2021

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of many disease-causing viruses, including dengue (DENV), Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. As consequences of climate change, we expect an increase in both global mean temperatures and extreme climatic events. When temperatures fluctuate, mosquito vectors will be increasingly exposed to temperatures beyond their upper thermal limits. Here, we examine how DENV infection alters Ae. aegypti thermotolerance by using a high-throughput physiological ‘knockdown’ assay modeled on studies in Drosophila. Such laboratory measures of thermal tolerance have previously been shown to accurately predict an insect’s distribution in the field. We show that DENV infection increases thermal sensitivity, an effect that may ultimately limit the geographic range of the virus. We also show that the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis, which is currently being released globally as a biological control agent, has a similar impact on thermal sensitivity in Ae. aegypti. Surprisingly, in the coinfected state, Wolbachia did not provide protection against DENV-associated effects on thermal tolerance, nor were the effects of the two infections additive. The latter suggests that the microbes may act by similar means, potentially through activation of shared immune pathways or energetic tradeoffs. Models predicting future ranges of both virus transmission and Wolbachia’s efficacy following field release may wish to consider the effects these microbes have on host survival.

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“…Thus, there seems to be little or no acclimation ability allowing an increase in their upper thermal limits (CT max ), supporting the contention that thermal tolerance shows less phenotypic plasticity at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures in invertebrates (Hoffmann et al, 2013). However, recent studies also suggest that the choice of assay may strongly affect conclusions drawn on the ecological role of thermal plasticity (Bak et al, 2020;MacLean et al, 2017;Sørensen et al, 2019). For example, for N. groenlandicus, thermal plasticity for heat tolerance was marked when using a static assay, but not when using a dynamic ramping assay (Box 2).…”

Section: Physiological Acclimation To High Temperaturementioning

confidence: 82%

“…Several studies have thus also focused on the intensity of heat stress and the exposure duration (Jørgensen et al, 2019;Rezende et al, 2014Rezende et al, , 2020. For example, static and dynamic assays give comparable information on heat tolerance across Drosophila species (Jørgensen et al, 2019), but static assays may prove superior to measure small differences in thermal tolerance (Bak et al, 2020).…”

Section: Box 1 Quantifying Heat Tolerance and Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, the time it will take to reach an endpoint using the static assay depends on the chosen knockdown temperature (right panel; indicated by the two lines; Sørensen et al, 2013). These time-temperature interactions can be problematic, as comparison of CT max and knockdown times across species and treatments is dependent on assay conditions as well as the species' thermal tolerance and level of plasticity (Bak et al, 2020;Overgaard et al, 2011;Sørensen et al, 2019).…”

Section: Box 1 Quantifying Heat Tolerance and Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responses of terrestrial polar arthropods to high and increasing temperatures

Bahrndorff

Lauritzen

Sørensen

et al. 2021

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Terrestrial arthropods in the Arctic and Antarctic are exposed to extreme and variable temperatures, and climate change is predicted to be especially pronounced in these regions. Available ecophysiological studies on terrestrial ectotherms from the Arctic and Antarctic typically focus on the ability of species to tolerate the extreme low temperatures that can occur in these regions, whereas studies investigating species plasticity and the importance of evolutionary adaptation to periodically high and increasing temperatures are limited. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge on thermal adaptation to high temperatures of terrestrial arthropods in Arctic and Antarctic regions. Firstly, we summarize the literature on heat tolerance for terrestrial arthropods in these regions, and discuss variation in heat tolerance across species, habitats and polar regions. Secondly, we discuss the potential for species to cope with increasing and more variable temperatures through thermal plasticity and evolutionary adaptation. Thirdly, we summarize our current knowledge of the underlying physiological adjustments to heat stress in arthropods from polar regions. It is clear that very little data are available on the heat tolerance of arthropods in polar regions, but that large variation in arthropod thermal tolerance exists across polar regions, habitats and species. Further, the species investigated show unique physiological adjustments to heat stress, such as their ability to respond quickly to increasing or extreme temperatures. To understand the consequences of climate change on terrestrial arthropods in polar regions, we suggest that more studies on the ability of species to cope with stressful high and variable temperatures are needed.

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Comparison of Static and Dynamic Assays When Quantifying Thermal Plasticity of Drosophilids

Cited by 11 publications

References 53 publications

A rapidly spreading deleterious aphid endosymbiont that uses horizontal as well as vertical transmission

A rapidly spreading deleterious aphid endosymbiont that uses horizontal as well as vertical transmission

Microbes increase thermal sensitivity in the mosquito Aedes aegypti, with the potential to change disease distributions

Responses of terrestrial polar arthropods to high and increasing temperatures

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