Comparison of starches isolated from three different Trapa species

Physicochemical properties, modifications and applications of starches from different botanical sources

“…The physicochemical properties of certain native starches are listed in Table 1. Starch granules are typically isolated before microscopic observation, and the isolation method is important because it can potentially affect the starch's original size (Gao et al, 2014;Lawal et al, 2011).…”

“…The amylose content can vary within the same botanical variety because of differences in geographic origin and culture conditions (Gao et al, 2014). Researchers have highlighted the role of amylose in the initial resistance of granules to swelling and solubility, as swelling proceeds rapidly after leaching of amylose molecules.…”

Effect of granule size on the properties of lotus rhizome C-type starch

“…Starch was hydrolyzed by HCl, porcine pancreatic ␣-amylase (PPA, Sigma A3176, 23 U/mg), or Aspergillus niger amyloglucosidase (AAG, Sigma A7095, 300 U/mL) using the methods of Gao et al (2014) and Li, Vasanthan, Hoover, and Rossnagel (2004) with some modifications. For HCl hydrolysis, 20 mg of starch was incubated in 2 mL of 2.2 M HCl in an Eppendorf ThermoMixer at 35 • C with continuous shaking (1000 rpm) for 4 d. For PPA hydrolysis, 10 mg of starch was incubated in 2 mL of enzyme solution (0.1 M phosphate sodium buffer, pH 6.9, 25 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl 2 , 0.02% NaN 3 , 50 U PPA) in an Eppendorf ThermoMixer at 37 • C with continuous shaking (1000 rpm) for 12 h. For AAG hydrolysis, 10 mg of starch was incubated in 2 mL of enzyme solution (0.05 M acetate buffer, pH 4.5, 5 U AAG) in an Eppendorf ThermoMixer at 55 • C with continuous shaking (1000 rpm) for 12 h. After hydrolysis, the starch slurry was quickly centrifuged (5000 × g) at 4 • C for 5 min.…”

Deleterious interaction of light impairment and organic matter enrichment on Isoetes lacustris (Lycopodiophyta, Isoetales)

“…lacustris carbohydrates concentrations detected at natural conditions are comparable to those of other freshwater macrophytes given that natural concentration of soluble and non-soluble carbohydrates is highly variable depending on species, organ and season (e.g. Muztar et al, 1979;Keeley et al, 1983;Owens & Madsen, 1998;Gao et al, 2014). Even if helophytes and hydrophytes show similar carbohydrate concentration ranges, the highest values correspond to hydrophytes (i.e.…”

“…Trapa sp. and Hygrophyla polysperma; Kovach et al, 1992;Gao et al, 2014). Belowground organs (rhizomes, corms, tubers and roots), resistance structures (turions) and reproductive organs (kernels) tend to have higher non-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than green organs (leaves and stems) but no clear patterns are observed with percentage data.…”