Comparison of solvent systems for the extraction of atrazine, benzoylprop, flamprop, and trifluralin from weathered field soils

Smith, Allan E.

doi:10.1021/jf00103a028

Cited by 36 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It was checked that this procedure gave good recoveries for fresh residues. However, this is not a guarantee that the extraction is adequate for aged residues,60 and slow sorption may have occurred that was not detected via the present extraction 61. This also suggests that the simulation of the bentazone depth profile on day 239 may be better than it might appear at first sight.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Testing MACRO (version 5.1) for pesticide leaching in a Dutch clay soil

Scorza

Jarvis

Boesten

et al. 2007

Pest Management Science

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Testing of pesticide leaching models against comprehensive field-scale measurements is necessary to increase confidence in their predictive ability when used as regulatory tools. Version 5.1 of the MACRO model was tested against measurements of water flow and the behaviour of bromide, bentazone [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide] and imidacloprid [1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine] in a cracked clay soil. In keeping with EU (FOCUS) procedures, the model was first calibrated against the measured moisture profiles and bromide concentrations in soil and in drain water. Uncalibrated pesticide simulations based on laboratory measurements of sorption and degradation were then compared with field data on the leaching of bentazone and imidacloprid. Calibrated parameter values indicated that a high degree of physical non-equilibrium (i.e. strong macropore flow) was necessary to describe solute transport in this soil. Comparison of measured and simulated bentazone concentration profiles revealed that the bulk of the bentazone movement in this soil was underestimated by MACRO. Nevertheless, the model simulated the dynamics of the bentazone breakthrough in drain water rather well and, in particular, accurately simulated the timing and the concentration level of the early bentazone breakthrough in drain water. The imidacloprid concentration profiles and its persistence in soil were simulated well. Moreover, the timing of the early imidacloprid breakthrough in the drain water was simulated well, although the simulated concentrations were about 2-3 times larger than measured. Deep groundwater concentrations for all substances were underestimated by MACRO, although it simulated concentrations in the shallow groundwater reasonably well. It is concluded that, in the context of ecotoxicological risk assessments for surface water, MACRO can give reasonably good simulations of pesticide concentrations in water draining from cracking clay soils, but that prior calibration against hydrologic and tracer data is desirable to reduce uncertainty and improve accuracy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Testing MACRO (version 5.1) for pesticide leaching in a Dutch clay soil

Scorza

Jarvis

Boesten

et al. 2007

Pest Management Science

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“…Our methodology on the determination of triazine herbicides in soils is based on the extraction of the analytes from the matrix followed by the GC-NPD analysis of uncleaned extracts. Recently we developed an efficient microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) procedure which replaced the laborious conventional extraction procedure [2] used before. The feasibility of MASE towards the screening of soils from agricultural areas on triazine herbicides (LOD of 10 lag kg -1) and the advantages, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of organic matter content in the trace analysis of triazines in various types of soils with GC-NPD

et al. 1998

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SummaryRecent work demonstrated that the combination of microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) and capillary gas chromatography with selective nitrogen detection (GC-NPD) is a viable approach for the efficient determination of triazine herbicides in soils. However, for soils with a high organic matter content or the injection of more concentrated extracts to obtain lower LOD's the performance of gas chromatographic analysis of uncleaned extracts is hampered. This results in both a decrease of the chromatographic response of analytes and a decrease in the life time of the column due to coextracted matrix substances. The effect of various types of soils on the chromatographic analysis of triazine herbicides was studied. It appeared that for the investigated samples with an organic matter content below 5 % processing of uncleaned extracts is possible. Samples with a higher organic matter content required a cleanup step. A rapid procedure on 100 mg silica cartridges has been developed using solvents compatible with the MASE extracts and the instrumental analysis. Beside the testing with different standard soils, about 120 samples of an ongoing monitoring program involving three different types of soil (organic matter content: 3-37 %) were analysed. The selected compounds atrazine, desethylatrazine, desisopropyl-atrazine and simazine could be assayed in the various soil types to a level of at least 2 lag kg -1. For soil samples with a high organic matter content (> 5 %), the rapid cleanup procedure allowed the trace analysis of the triazines and considerably increased the life time of the capillary column. Recoveries at levels from 2 to 50 tag kg -I ranged from 70 to 100 % with RSDs ranging from 5.1 to 9.5 %. Confirmation of positive sampies was carried out by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

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“…A modified extraction procedure, described by Smith [14], was used to determine the concentration of atrazine in soil samples. Soil samples were measured into 500-ml stoppered Erlenmeyer flasks and extracted with acetonitri1e:methanoI:distilled water (70:15:15, v/v/v, pH 9.0 with ammonium hydroxide).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of agricultural nonpoint pollution: Pesticide migration in a West Tennessee watershed

Klaine

Hinman

Winkelmann

et al. 1988

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Pesticide migration from agricultural fields may stress receiving stream ecosystems as well as contaminate ground water. Research was conducted on an 18‐ha single‐field watershed in west Tennessee to characterize the fate of atrazine during a 12‐month period after pesticide application. Rainfall runoff and soil cores were sampled and analyzed for atrazine residues. Total loss of atrazine by runoff accounted for approximately 1.5% of the total atrazine applied. Concentrations as high as 0.25 mg/L were detected in the field discharge. By the fourth storm event after pesticide application, the atrazine concentration was below detection limits (0.1 μg/L). Atrazine loss in the upper 10 cm of soil followed a first‐order decay trend, with only 1.88% of the initial concentration remaining 238 d after pesticide application. The mean half‐life for atrazine in the upper 10 cm was approximately 21.5 d. Atrazine was detected in the 10‐ to 20‐cm soil level after the first rainfall. Atrazine was not detected below 20 cm at any sampling date during the 238 d of the study.

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Comparison of solvent systems for the extraction of atrazine, benzoylprop, flamprop, and trifluralin from weathered field soils

Cited by 36 publications

References 13 publications

Testing MACRO (version 5.1) for pesticide leaching in a Dutch clay soil

Testing MACRO (version 5.1) for pesticide leaching in a Dutch clay soil

Effect of organic matter content in the trace analysis of triazines in various types of soils with GC-NPD

Characterization of agricultural nonpoint pollution: Pesticide migration in a West Tennessee watershed

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