Comparison of sodium and potassium intake with excretion.

Schachter, Joseph; Harper, P H; Radin, M E; Caggiula, Arlene W.; McDonald, Robert H.; Diven, Warren F.

doi:10.1161/01.hyp.2.5.695

Cited by 100 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…However, it has been demonstrated that dietary recall information on sodium consumption parallels 24-h urinary sodium excretion. 31 Potassium intake ranged from 1508.2 to 1673.1 mg/day, which is far less than the estimated minimum requirements of 2000 mg. 30 Dietary factors that contributed significantly to the blood pressures of hypertensive children are remarkably similar to those indicated as deficiencies in primary school children of South Africa. 32 Vorster et al 32 observed iron, vitamin A, folic acid and calcium deficiencies in preschoolers and primary school children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Dietary risk markers that contribute to the aetiology of hypertension in black South African children: the THUSA BANA study

Schutte¹,

Rooyen²,

Huisman³

et al. 2003

J Hum Hypertens

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Although clinical hypertension occurs less frequently in children than in adults, ample evidence supports the concept that the roots of essential hypertension extend back to childhood. Since little is available in the literature on causal dietary factors of hypertension in children, this study hypothesised that certain dietary factors can be identified as risk markers that might contribute to the aetiology of hypertension in black children. Children aged 10-15 years were randomly selected from 30 schools in the North West Province from 2000 to 2001. These children comprised 321 black males and 373 females from rural to urbanised communities, of which 40 male and 79 female subjects were identified with high-normal to hypertensive blood pressure. Blood pressure was measured with a Finapres apparatus and data were analysed with the Fast Modelflo software program to provide systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure. A 24-h dietary recall questionnaire and weight and height measurements were taken.In a stepwise regression analysis, the following variables were significantly associated (Pp0.05) with blood pressure parameters of hypertensive males: biotin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, zinc and magnesium. Energy, biotin and vitamin A intakes were significantly associated with blood pressure parameters of hypertensive females. No significant dietary markers were indicated for any of the normotensive groups. Dietary intakes of all of these nutrients were well below the dietary reference intakes. In conclusion, the dietary results coupled with the cardiovascular parameters of this study identified folic acid and biotin as risk markers that could contribute to the aetiology of hypertension in black persons. The low intakes of these nutrients, among others, is a matter of serious concern, as is the increasing tendency towards urbanisation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Dietary risk markers that contribute to the aetiology of hypertension in black South African children: the THUSA BANA study

Schutte¹,

Rooyen²,

Huisman³

et al. 2003

J Hum Hypertens

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“…Creatinine. Assuming that the rate of urinary creatinine excretion is constant (Pollack, 1970), 24-hour excretion of creatinine has been used as a standard to exclude urine collections judged to be incomplete (Doyle, Chua & Duffy, 1979;Schachter et al, 1980;Ljungman et al, 1981). However, there is a wide range in individual excretion of creatinine related to body mass and diet.…”

Section: Measures Of Completeness Of 24-hour Urine Collectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does dietary salt induce autoimmunity?

Croxford

Waisman

2013

Cell Res

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Sodium intakes of different populations around the world became of interest to the medical research community with the publication of Dahl's famous graph showing a positive straightline relationship of dietary sodium intake to prevalence of hypertension. At that time populations were identified around the world with vastly different sodium intakes (and rates of hypertension) ranging up to about 10.6 g/d sodium (460 mmol/d) in north-east Japan. Dietary survey methods tend to underestimate sodium intakes and timed 24-hour urinary sodium excretion is considered the "gold standard" method to estimate intake (some 85-90% of ingested sodium is excreted through the kidneys). However, there is also some evidence to suggest that spot ( Belgium and Japan where there have been public health campaigns to lower sodium in the community, for the most part mean sodium intakes have not changed much over the past 20 or more years. Sodium intakes tend to be higher in men than women, reflecting their higher food and energy intakes. Data in children and young people suggest higher intakes in boys than girls and at older ages in both sexes, but there are serious methodological difficulties in obtaining reliable and valid dietary data in this age group. For all countries for which recent data are available, dietary sodium intakes are much higher than the physiological need of 10-20 mmol/d (230-460 mg/d). In industrialized countries, about 75% of sodium in the diet comes from manufactured foods and foods eaten away from home. Some children's foods are extremely high in sodium. In Asian countries, high proportions of sodium in the diet come from salt added in cooking and from sauces such as soy and miso (in Japan).Representative samples of around 100 people (200 if men and women are to be considered separately), each providing a single timed 24-hour collection of urine for the estimation of sodium, would be required to monitor sodium intake in the community with a 95% confidence limit about the mean of c. +/-12 mmol/d. Much larger samples might be needed if greater precision is required.3

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“…Shortt et al (1988) have calculated that a sample size of at least 30 subjects would be required to estimate group mean sodium intake with a standard error of less than 5% assuming the availability of a single 24 h sample. Subsequently, several 24 h urine collections are necessary to characterize an individual's usual sodium intake (Liu et al, 1979;Schachter et al, 1980). Information obtained from 24 h urines will, provided they are complete, be more accurate than figures estimated from spot samples, samples from the first urination in the morning or timed overnight collections.…”

Section: Sodiummentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of biomarkers in multicentric studies with particular consideration of iodine, sodium, iron, folate and vitamin D

Ovesen

Boeing

2002

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To determine which biomarkers should be used in a European monitoring system to assess intake of iodine, sodium, iron, folate and vitamin D. These nutrients are relevant for human health but difficult to assess in the diet in a comparable way among countries. Results: Iodine and sodium are mainly excreted in urine. Mean population intakes of iodine and sodium can be estimated by casual urine samples. However, habitual individual intake assessments require multiple 24 h urine collections. Serum ferritin is a sensitive test of iron status (mobilizable storage iron) and continues to be the leading single determination for individual iron status, but with serum transferrin receptor as a promising alternative because it is more specific than ferritin. Erythrocyte folate and homocysteine in blood are markers of folate status which are able to discriminate between normal status and levels of insufficiency in an individual. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is a good marker for vitamin D deficiency in the individual, and can distinguish between overt deficiency and marginal deficiency, especially if combined with serum parathyroid hormone. Conclusions: Specific and sensitive markers for the dietary intake of iodine, sodium, iron, folate and vitamin D are available, which have the advantage of being more accurate than intake estimations derived from dietary surveys. However, the use of biomarkers also has disadvantages such as extra burden in terms of logistics, budget and ethical approval, and can moreover reduce the participation rate. More basic data for the validity of cross-country comparisons are needed and ideas in terms of study design and sampling frame.

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Comparison of sodium and potassium intake with excretion.

Cited by 100 publications

References 5 publications

Dietary risk markers that contribute to the aetiology of hypertension in black South African children: the THUSA BANA study

Dietary risk markers that contribute to the aetiology of hypertension in black South African children: the THUSA BANA study

Does dietary salt induce autoimmunity?

The use of biomarkers in multicentric studies with particular consideration of iodine, sodium, iron, folate and vitamin D

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