Comparison of Site-Specific Bone Mineral Densities between Endurance Runners and Sprinters in Adolescent Women

Ikedo, Aoi; Ishibashi, Aya; Matsumiya, S; Kaizaki, Aya; Ebi, Kumiko; Fujita, Satoshi

doi:10.3390/nu8120781

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…During adolescence, vitamin D intake has site-specific associations with bone mineral density, particularly at the pelvis and spine [25]. It has been shown in a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, that in girls, supplementation with 2000 IU/day of vitamin D increases not only bone mineral density but also improves the structural geometry of the hip [26][27][28].…”

Section: Natural Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weaker bones and white skin as adaptions to improve anthropological “fitness” for northern environments

Vieth

2019

Osteoporos Int

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The vitamin D paradox relates to the lower risk of osteoporosis in people of sub-Saharan African ancestry (Blacks) compared with people of European ancestry (Whites). The paradox implies that for bone health, Blacks require less vitamin D and calcium than Whites do. Why should populations that migrated northward out of Africa have ended up needing more vitamin D than tropical Blacks? Human skin color became lighter away from the tropics to permit greater skin penetration of the UVB light that generates vitamin D. Lack of vitamin D impairs intestinal calcium absorption and limits the amount of calcium that can deposit into the protein matrix of bone, causing rickets or osteomalacia. These can cause cephalopelvic disproportion and death in childbirth. Whiter skin was more fit for reproduction in UV-light restricted environments, but natural selection was also driven by the phenotype of bone per se. Bone formation starts with the deposition of bone-matrix proteins. Mineralization of the matrix happens more slowly, and it stiffens bone. If vitamin D and/or calcium supplies are marginal, larger bones will not be as fully mineralized as smaller bones. For the same amount of mineral, unmineralized or partially mineralized bone is more easily deformed than fully mineralized bone. The evidence leads to the hypothesis that to minimize the soft bone that causes pelvic deformation, a decrease in amount of bone, along with more rapid mineralization of osteoid improved reproductive fitness in Whites. Adaptation of bone biology for reproductive fitness in response to the environmental stress of limited availability of vitamin D and calcium came at the cost of greater risk of osteoporosis later in life.

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Section: Natural Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weaker bones and white skin as adaptions to improve anthropological “fitness” for northern environments

Vieth

2019

Osteoporos Int

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“…MD (Ikedo et al, 2016). The main challenge: Achieving/maintaining a high level of muscularity, a high power to…”

Section: Current Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among young track and field athletes, 40% reported menstrual dysfunction (Day et al, 2015). In contrast, elite and adolescent sprinters have a reported prevalence of 23-24% selfreported menstrual dysfunction (Ikedo et al, 2016;Sygo et al, 2018). Polycystic ovarian syndrome is common in the general population and phenotypes such as coexistence of FHA and has been reported (Gordon et al, 2017).…”

Section: The Main Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Availability in Athletics: Health, Performance, and Physique

Melin

Heikura

Tenforde

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

156

134

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The reported prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) in female and male track and field athletes is between 18% and 58% with the highest prevalence among athletes in endurance and jump events. In male athletes, LEA may result in reduced testosterone levels and libido along with impaired training capacity. In female track and field athletes, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea as consequence of LEA has been reported among 60% of elite middle- and long-distance athletes and 23% among elite sprinters. Health concerns with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea include impaired bone health, elevated risk for bone stress injury, and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, LEA negatively affects recovery, muscle mass, neuromuscular function, and increases the risk of injuries and illness that may affect performance negatively. LEA in track and field athletes may occur due to intentional alterations in body mass or body composition, appetite changes, time constraints, or disordered eating behavior. Long-term LEA causes metabolic and physiological adaptations to prevent further weight loss, and athletes may therefore be weight stable yet have impaired physiological function secondary to LEA. Achieving or maintaining a lower body mass or fat levels through long-term LEA may therefore result in impaired health and performance as proposed in the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport model. Preventive educational programs and screening to identify athletes with LEA are important for early intervention to prevent long-term secondary health consequences. Treatment for athletes is primarily to increase energy availability and often requires a team approach including a sport physician, sports dietitian, physiologist, and psychologist.

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“…Pelvic fractures seem to occur more frequently in women and more frequently in female long-distance runners [ 113 ]. In young women, a connection between 25(OH)D intake and pelvic bone density has been demonstrated [ 161 ]. Certain sports are likely to be very beneficial for the bone density of the vulnerable region of the pelvis.…”

Section: Sex and Stress Fracturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and Stress Fractures in Sport: Preventive and Therapeutic Measures—A Narrative Review

et al. 2021

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There are numerous risk factors for stress fractures that have been identified in literature. Among different risk factors, a prolonged lack of vitamin D (25(OH)D) can lead to stress fractures in athletes since 25(OH)D insufficiency is associated with an increased incidence of a fracture. A 25(OH)D value of <75.8 nmol/L is a risk factor for a stress fracture. 25(OH)D deficiency is, however, only one of several potential risk factors. Well-documented risk factors for a stress fracture include female sex, white ethnicity, older age, taller stature, lower aerobic fitness, prior physical inactivity, greater amounts of current physical training, thinner bones, 25(OH)D deficiency, iron deficiency, menstrual disturbances, and inadequate intake of 25(OH)D and/or calcium. Stress fractures are not uncommon in athletes and affect around 20% of all competitors. Most athletes with a stress fracture are under 25 years of age. Stress fractures can affect every sporty person, from weekend athletes to top athletes. Stress fractures are common in certain sports disciplines such as basketball, baseball, athletics, rowing, soccer, aerobics, and classical ballet. The lower extremity is increasingly affected for stress fractures with the locations of the tibia, metatarsalia and pelvis. Regarding prevention and therapy, 25(OH)D seems to play an important role. Athletes should have an evaluation of 25(OH)D -dependent calcium homeostasis based on laboratory tests of 25-OH-D3, calcium, creatinine, and parathyroid hormone. In case of a deficiency of 25(OH)D, normal blood levels of ≥30 ng/mL may be restored by optimizing the athlete’s lifestyle and, if appropriate, an oral substitution of 25(OH)D. Very recent studies suggested that the prevalence of stress fractures decreased when athletes are supplemented daily with 800 IU 25(OH)D and 2000 mg calcium. Recommendations of daily 25(OH)D intake may go up to 2000 IU of 25(OH)D per day.

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Comparison of Site-Specific Bone Mineral Densities between Endurance Runners and Sprinters in Adolescent Women

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

Weaker bones and white skin as adaptions to improve anthropological “fitness” for northern environments

Weaker bones and white skin as adaptions to improve anthropological “fitness” for northern environments

Energy Availability in Athletics: Health, Performance, and Physique

Vitamin D and Stress Fractures in Sport: Preventive and Therapeutic Measures—A Narrative Review

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