Comparison of shear modulus and pulse velocity techniques to measure the build-up of structure in fresh cement pastes used in oil well cementing

Ultrasonic monitoring of setting and hardening of cement mortar—A new device

“…That setting and hardening of cement can be monitored by ultrasonic (US) waves has been demonstrated by various researchers [1,2]. However, standard testing is still being performed by the one-parameter needle test according to .…”

Monitoring the setting process of mortars by ultrasonic P and S-wave transmission velocity measurement

“…The early age evolution of cement-based materials properties can be correlated with UPV measurements, such as initial and final setting times [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], static and dynamic elastic properties [6][7][8], or tensile and compressive strengths [8][9][10][11]. Most of these correlations imply the measurement of compression wave (P-wave) propagation, due to the easy implementation of such tests compared to the shear wave (S-wave) propagation monitoring.…”

“…Most of these correlations imply the measurement of compression wave (P-wave) propagation, due to the easy implementation of such tests compared to the shear wave (S-wave) propagation monitoring. Through the past 20 years, transmission properties of the P-waves (velocity [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], energy [4,[12][13][14], frequency content [14][15][16]) were therefore thoroughly studied.…”

Monitoring setting and hardening process of mortar and concrete using ultrasonic shear waves

“…Since the 1980s, extensive effort has been focused on finding the correlation between the compression wave (P wave) velocity and the time of setting of cementitious materials [3][4][5][6]. Various criteria have been proposed for setting time determination based on features on the P wave velocity curve with age [9,5,10].…”

“…However, this method is not suitable for in-situ field testing and continuous monitoring of the early age properties of concrete. During the past two decades, many studies have shown the possibility of using ultrasonic waves to monitor setting times and to characterize early age properties of cementitious materials [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”