Comparison of respiratory function during TIVA and isoflurane anaesthesia in ponies Part II: breathing patterns and transdiaphragmatic pressure

Kowalczyk, L; Steblaj, Barbara; Schauvliege, Stijn; Schramel, Johannes P.; Pavlidou, Kiriaki; Savvas, Ioannis; Duchateau, Luc; Gasthuys, Frank; Moens, Yves

doi:10.1111/vaa.12151

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This however would require a greater degree of restraint during measurements which may influence the behaviour and therefore breathing pattern of the subject. Alternatively, respiratory ultrasonic plethysmography could be used as signals are transmitted via Bluetooth [ 30 ]. Neither of these methods however provide any insights into the regional distribution of tidal gas movement within the thorax.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horses Auto-Recruit Their Lungs by Inspiratory Breath Holding Following Recovery from General Anaesthesia

et al. 2016

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This study evaluated the breathing pattern and distribution of ventilation in horses prior to and following recovery from general anaesthesia using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Six horses were anaesthetised for 6 hours in dorsal recumbency. Arterial blood gas and EIT measurements were performed 24 hours before (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours after horses stood following anaesthesia. At each time point 4 representative spontaneous breaths were analysed. The percentage of the total breath length during which impedance remained greater than 50% of the maximum inspiratory impedance change (breath holding), the fraction of total tidal ventilation within each of four stacked regions of interest (ROI) (distribution of ventilation) and the filling time and inflation period of seven ROI evenly distributed over the dorso-ventral height of the lungs were calculated. Mixed effects multi-linear regression and linear regression were used and significance was set at p<0.05. All horses demonstrated inspiratory breath holding until 5 hours after standing. No change from baseline was seen for the distribution of ventilation during inspiration. Filling time and inflation period were more rapid and shorter in ventral and slower and longer in most dorsal ROI compared to baseline, respectively. In a mixed effects multi-linear regression, breath holding was significantly correlated with PaCO2 in both the univariate and multivariate regression. Following recovery from anaesthesia, horses showed inspiratory breath holding during which gas redistributed from ventral into dorsal regions of the lungs. This suggests auto-recruitment of lung tissue which would have been dependent and likely atelectic during anaesthesia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horses Auto-Recruit Their Lungs by Inspiratory Breath Holding Following Recovery from General Anaesthesia

et al. 2016

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“…Details are reported in the companion paper (Kowalczyk & Steblaj et al. ). Data were collected from T0 (30 minutes after induction) for 60 minutes (until T60), at 10 minute intervals.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of respiratory function during TIVA (romifidine, ketamine, midazolam) and isoflurane anaesthesia in spontaneously breathing ponies Part I: blood gas analysis and cardiorespiratory variables

Steblaj

Schauvliege

Pavlidou

et al. 2014

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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“…The crown-like breath pattern observed in our horses does not match any of the typically defined breathing patterns in mammals ( 29 ). In intubated ponies, a similar breath pattern to the crown-like pattern was observed when anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane using respiratory ultrasonic plethysmography (RUP) ( 7 ). The abdominal circumference in RUP indicated incomplete expiration between several breaths before returning to baseline values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Interestingly in both studies, the crown-like breaths were observed during isoflurane maintenance while our horses displayed crown-like breaths on TIVA with xylazine, ketamine, and guaiphenesin. In the aforementioned study in ponies, intermittent deep breaths were observed during anesthesia when maintained with romifidine, ketamine, and midazolam ( 7 ). These deep breaths are comparable with the sighs observed in the horses in this study anesthetized with TIVA but using xylazine instead of romifidine, and guaiphenesin instead of midazolam.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most studies describing BrP in anesthetized horses, the animals were orotracheally intubated, which would impair physiologic laryngeal movements and therefore impact the horse's ability to modify its BrP ( 6 , 7 ). The endotracheal tube (ETT) also reduces the work of breathing in the anesthetized, spontaneously-breathing horse because it reduces upper airway respiratory resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Effects of an Endotracheal Tube or Facemask on Breathing Pattern and Distribution of Ventilation in Anesthetized Horses

et al. 2022

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Equine respiratory physiology might be influenced by the presence of an endotracheal tube (ETT). This experimental, randomized cross-over study aimed to compare breathing pattern (BrP) and ventilation distribution in anesthetized horses spontaneously breathing room air via ETT or facemask (MASK). Six healthy adult horses were anesthetized with total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA; xylazine, ketamine, guaiphenesin), breathing spontaneously in right lateral recumbency, and randomly assigned to ETT or MASK for 30 min, followed by the other treatment for an additional 30 min. During a second anesthesia 1 month later, the treatment order was inversed. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) using a thoracic electrode belt, spirometry, volumetric capnography, esophageal pressure difference (ΔPoes), venous admixture, and laryngoscopy data were recorded over 2 min every 15 min. Breaths were classified as normal or alternate (sigh or crown-like) according to the EIT impedance curve. A mixed linear model was used to test the effect of treatment on continuous outcomes. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel analysis was used to test for associations between global BrP and treatment. Global BrP was associated with treatment (p = 0.012) with more alternate breaths during ETT. The center of ventilation right-to-left (CoVRL) showed more ventilation in the non-dependent lung during ETT (p = 0.025). The I:E ratio (p = 0.017) and ΔPoes (p < 0.001) were smaller, and peak expiratory flow (p = 0.009) and physiologic dead space (p = 0.034) were larger with ETT. The presence of an ETT alters BrP and shifts ventilation toward the non-dependent lung in spontaneously breathing horses anesthetized with TIVA.

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Comparison of respiratory function during TIVA and isoflurane anaesthesia in ponies Part II: breathing patterns and transdiaphragmatic pressure

Cited by 6 publications

References 38 publications

Horses Auto-Recruit Their Lungs by Inspiratory Breath Holding Following Recovery from General Anaesthesia

Horses Auto-Recruit Their Lungs by Inspiratory Breath Holding Following Recovery from General Anaesthesia

Comparison of respiratory function during TIVA (romifidine, ketamine, midazolam) and isoflurane anaesthesia in spontaneously breathing ponies Part I: blood gas analysis and cardiorespiratory variables

Comparison of Effects of an Endotracheal Tube or Facemask on Breathing Pattern and Distribution of Ventilation in Anesthetized Horses

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