Comparison of Replication-Competent Molecular Clones of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Class A and Class B Derived from Pig and Human Cells

Krach, Ulrich; Fischer, Nicole; Czauderna, Frank; Tönjes, Ralf R.

doi:10.1128/jvi.75.12.5465-5472.2001

Cited by 63 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…1), which corroborates the size for the PERV-A and PERV-B LTRs reported previously (23). The organization of the PERV LTRs is similar to that of other retroviruses with well-defined U3, R, and U5 regions.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Sequence Analysis of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Long Terminal Repeats and Identification of Transcriptional Regulatory Regions

Wilson

Laeeq

Ritzhaupt³

et al. 2003

J Virol

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Sequence Analysis of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Long Terminal Repeats and Identification of Transcriptional Regulatory Regions

Wilson

Laeeq

Ritzhaupt³

et al. 2003

J Virol

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“…Endogenous retroviruses have been detected in the genomes of all vertebrate species (4,14), and their general organization corresponds to that of exogenous retroviruses (4,40,46); however, most are replication-incompetent, while only a minority are functional, as reported, e.g., for mice (5,10,41) and pigs (1,2,21,26,28,29).…”

mentioning

confidence: 88%

Evolutionary Spread and Recombination of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses in the Suiformes

Niebert

Tönjes

2005

J Virol

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Different Suiformes with increasing phylogenetic distance to the common pig (Sus scrofa) were assayed for the presence of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) in general (pol gene), while the distribution of long terminal repeat (LTR) types (with or without repeats in U3) and env genes (classes A, B, and C) were determined in detail. PERV was not detectable in the most distantly related species, while classes PERV-A and PERV-B are present in Suiformes originating in the Pliocene epoch, and class PERV-C was detectable only in S. scrofa and in closely related species originating in the Holocene epoch. This distribution pattern of PERV classes is in line with our previous study on the age of PERV (45) and suggests an African origin of about 7.5 million years ago (MYA) and a gradual spread of PERV through the Suiformes. It seems likely that PERV-C originated more recently (1.5 to 3.5 MYA) by recombination with a homologue of unknown descent, while the origin of the repeatless LTR was a separate event approximately 3.5 MYA.

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“…AJ293656 [2]), PERV B (GenBank accession no. AY099324 [20]), PERV C (GenBank accession no. EF133960 [24]), Mus dunni endogenous virus (MDEV) (GenBank accession no.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of a Novel Gammaretrovirus in Killer Whales ( Orcinus orca )

LaMere

Leger

Schrenzel

et al. 2009

J Virol

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There are currently no published data documenting the presence of retroviruses in cetaceans, though the occurrences of cancers and immunodeficiency states suggest the potential. We examined tissues from adult killer whales and detected a novel gammaretrovirus by degenerate PCR. Reverse transcription-PCR also demonstrated tissue and serum expression of retroviral mRNA. The full-length sequence of the provirus was obtained by PCR, and a TaqMan-based copy number assay did not demonstrate evidence of productive infection. PCR on blood samples from 11 healthy captive killer whales and tissues from 3 free-ranging animals detected the proviral DNA in all tissues examined from all animals. A survey of multiple cetacean species by PCR for gag, pol, and env sequences showed homologs of this virus in the DNA of eight species of delphinids, pygmy and dwarf sperm whales, and harbor porpoises, but not in beluga or fin whales. Analysis of the bottlenose dolphin genome revealed two full-length proviral sequences with 97.4% and 96.9% nucleotide identity to the killer whale gammaretrovirus. The results of single-cell PCR on killer whale sperm and Southern blotting are also consistent with the conclusion that the provirus is endogenous. We suggest that this gammaretrovirus entered the delphinoid ancestor's genome before the divergence of modern dolphins or that an exogenous variant existed following divergence that was ultimately endogenized. However, the transcriptional activity demonstrated in tissues and the nearly intact viral genome suggest a more recent integration into the killer whale genome, favoring the latter hypothesis. The proposed name for this retrovirus is killer whale endogenous retrovirus.

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Comparison of Replication-Competent Molecular Clones of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Class A and Class B Derived from Pig and Human Cells

Cited by 63 publications

References 34 publications

Sequence Analysis of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Long Terminal Repeats and Identification of Transcriptional Regulatory Regions

Sequence Analysis of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Long Terminal Repeats and Identification of Transcriptional Regulatory Regions

Evolutionary Spread and Recombination of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses in the Suiformes

Molecular Characterization of a Novel Gammaretrovirus in Killer Whales ( Orcinus orca )

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