Comparison of Radiography and Computed Tomography for Determining Tracheal Diameter and Length in Dogs

Montgomery, James E.; Mathews, Kyle G.; Marcellin‐Little, Denis J.; Hendrick, S.; Brown, James R.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12227.x

Cited by 14 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(36 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The findings of this study supported our hypothesis that there would be a correlation between CT and radiographic internal tracheal heights measured at all three locations (all P values < 0.01). English Bulldog tracheal CT dimensions were found to be larger by an average of 19%, compared to radiographic dimensions, consistent with previous findings . There are several causes for variation and discrepancies between CT and radiography, such as soft tissue superimposition and decreased contrast resolution seen in radiography .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Imaging modalities available for tracheal evaluation include radiography, ultrasonography, CT, fluoroscopy, and tracheobronchoscopy . Objective tracheal dimensions have been reported in a German Shepherd population and in cadaveric studies . Radiography, compared to CT, underestimated cadaveric tracheal measurements .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Objective tracheal dimensions have been reported in a German Shepherd population and in cadaveric studies . Radiography, compared to CT, underestimated cadaveric tracheal measurements . Tracheal hypoplasia has been defined most commonly by a radiographic ratio of tracheal diameter to thoracic inlet (TD:TI) of <0.16, and in English Bulldogs of <0.12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Computed Tomographic, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Tracheal Dimensions in English Bulldogs With Grade 1 Clinical Signs of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome

Kaye

Boroffka

Haagsman

et al. 2015

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Tracheal hypoplasia is commonly seen in English Bulldogs affected with brachycephalic airway syndrome. Previously published diagnostic criteria for tracheal hypoplasia in this breed have been a radiographic tracheal diameter:tracheal inlet ratio (TD:TI) < 0.12 or a tracheal diameter:third rib diameter ratio (TD:3R) < 2.0. Computed tomography has become increasingly used for airway evaluation, however published information is lacking regarding CT tracheal dimensions in English Bulldogs. Objectives of this prospective cross-sectional study were to describe radiographic and CT tracheal dimensions in a sample of clinically normal English Bulldogs and compare these values with tracheoscopy scores. Computed tomography (n = 40), radiography (n = 38), and tracheoscopy (n = 40) studies were performed during a single general anesthesia session for each included dog. Tracheal measurements were recorded at three locations: cervical, thoracic inlet, and thorax. Tracheal diameters were narrowest at the thoracic inlet with all techniques. Computed tomographic measurements averaged 19% greater than radiographic measurements. All included dogs had radiographic tracheal measurements greater than the previously published criteria for tracheal hypoplasia. Mean CT TD:TI was 0.26 (± 0.03, 0.20-0.33), and mean CT TT:3R was 2.27 (± 0.24, 1.71-2.74). Radiographic TD:TI and CT TD:TI were significantly correlated (P = 0.00); however radiographic TT:3R and CT TT:3R were not significantly correlated (P = 0.25). Tracheoscopy identified hypoplastic changes in all dogs and tracheoscopy scores were not correlated with CT or radiography diameter measurements. In conclusion, findings indicated that some CT and radiographic tracheal diameter measurements were comparable in English Bulldogs however diameters for both imaging techniques were not comparable with tracheoscopy scores.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Computed Tomographic, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Tracheal Dimensions in English Bulldogs With Grade 1 Clinical Signs of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome

Kaye

Boroffka

Haagsman

et al. 2015

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The expense of CT may limit its use in veterinary medicine for assessing tracheal measurements, although it has been questioned whether measurements from 3‐dimensional imaging would be a more accurate means for determining tracheal dimensions. In 1 study, CT tracheal diameter measurements were approximately 7% larger than the corresponding radiographic (straight lateral, 15° oblique lateral, and 45° oblique) measurements in normal cadaver dogs ventilated to 20 cm H 2 O during imaging . However, calculations suggest that adding 2–3 mm to the maximum diameter of the trachea when selecting stent size based on positive‐pressure ventilation radiographs should compensate for this difference and minimize chances of stent migration .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The expense of CT may limit its use in veterinary medicine for assessing tracheal measurements, although it has been questioned whether measurements from 3-dimensional imaging would be a more accurate means for determining tracheal dimensions. In 1 study, CT 22 However, calculations suggest that adding 2-3 mm to the maximum diameter of the trachea when selecting stent size based on positive-pressure ventilation radiographs should compensate for this difference and minimize chances of stent migration. 23 A study evaluating the accuracy of segmental measuring techniques to predict immediate post-deployment stent lengths found a trend towards decreasing percentage and average absolute differences between the prediction and overall stent length when using 2, 3, or 4 segments versus just using the single widest point of the trachea.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immediate, short‐, and long‐term changes in tracheal stent diameter, length, and positioning after placement in dogs with tracheal collapse syndrome

Raske

Weisse

Berent

et al. 2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundIntraluminal tracheal stenting is a minimally invasive procedure shown to have variable degrees of success in managing clinical signs associated with tracheal collapse syndrome (CTCS) in dogs.ObjectivesIdentify immediate post‐stent changes in tracheal diameter, determine the extent of stent migration, and stent shortening after stent placement in the immediate‐, short‐, and long‐term periods, and evaluate inter‐observer reliability of radiographic measurements.AnimalsFifty client‐owned dogs.MethodsRetrospective study in which medical records were reviewed in dogs with CTCS treated with an intraluminal tracheal stent. Data collected included signalment, location, and type of collapse, stent diameter and length, and post‐stent placement radiographic follow‐up times. Radiographs were used to obtain pre‐stent tracheal measurements and post‐stent placement measurements.ResultsImmediate mean percentage change was 5.14%, 5.49%, and 21.64% for cervical, thoracic inlet, and intra‐thoracic tracheal diameters, respectively. Ultimate mean follow‐up time was 446 days, with mean percentage change of 2.55%, 15.09%, and 8.65% for cervical, thoracic inlet, and intra‐thoracic tracheal diameters, respectively. Initial mean stent length was 26.72% higher than nominal length and ultimate long‐term tracheal mean stent shortening was only 9.90%. No significant stent migration was identified in the immediate, short‐, or long‐term periods. Good inter‐observer agreement of radiographic measurements was found among observers of variable experience level.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceUse of an intraluminal tracheal stent for CTCS is associated with minimal stent shortening with no clinically relevant stent migration after fluoroscopic placement. Precise stent sizing and placement techniques likely play important roles in avoiding these reported complications.

show abstract

Acute tracheal trauma and chronic tracheal collapse in an asthmatic mature pony

Peyrecave‐Capo

Munoz‐Diaz

Ferrer

et al. 2022

Equine Veterinary Education

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary A 17‐year‐old cross‐bred pony gelding was presented for acute onset of respiratory distress and an inspiratory honking noise. He had been previously diagnosed with moderate mastocytic equine asthma and chronic tracheal collapse on endoscopy (grade 3/4). At admission, predominantly inspiratory dyspnoea with open mouth breathing, hypoxaemia and hypercapnia were present. Cervical and thoracic radiographs showed severe tracheal collapse from the mid‐cervical region to the thoracic inlet and a moderate generalised bronchial pattern. Due to the poor prognosis, euthanasia was elected. On post‐mortem examination, some granulomatous nodules compatible with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica were present in the tracheal lumen, and the entire trachea was laterally flattened. This uncommon laterolateral collapse was more severe at the thoracic inlet and in the mid‐cervical area, where a peritracheal haematoma was detected. A blunt trauma that exacerbated the tracheal collapse was suspected. Tracheal histology revealed degenerative changes. Degeneration of tracheal cartilage and connective tissue can be a predisposing factor to chronic collapse and recurrent episodes of inspiratory and expiratory distress. It is unknown whether chronic tracheal collapse is an independent condition or a consequence of an underlying lung disease.

show abstract

Comparison of Radiography and Computed Tomography for Determining Tracheal Diameter and Length in Dogs

Abstract: Radiographic measurements of the canine trachea consistently underestimate tracheal size, and CT measurements are preferable for selecting tracheal stent size.

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

Computed Tomographic, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Tracheal Dimensions in English Bulldogs With Grade 1 Clinical Signs of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome

Computed Tomographic, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Tracheal Dimensions in English Bulldogs With Grade 1 Clinical Signs of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome

Immediate, short‐, and long‐term changes in tracheal stent diameter, length, and positioning after placement in dogs with tracheal collapse syndrome

Acute tracheal trauma and chronic tracheal collapse in an asthmatic mature pony

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About