Comparison of Progressive Cortical Gray Matter Loss in Childhood-OnsetSchizophrenia With That in Childhood-Onset Atypical Psychoses

Gogtay, Nitin; Sporn, Alexandra; Clasen, Liv S.; Nugent, Tom; Greenstein, Deanna; Nicolson, Rob; Giedd, Jay N.; Lenane, Marge; Gochman, Peter; Evans, Alan C.; Rapoport, Judith L.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.1.17

Cited by 136 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…In COS patients, an abnormal total, frontal, temporal, and parietal gray matter reduction has been demonstrated during adolescence without significant change in mean FSIQ [17]. Larger gray matter loss rates have also been found in superior medial frontal cortices and left cingulate cortex in COS patients compared with controls and FSIQ was unrelated to the gray matter volumes at baseline and follow-up [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Course of intelligence deficits in early onset, first episode schizophrenia: a controlled, 5-year longitudinal study

Jepsen

Fagerlund

Pagsberg

et al. 2009

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Only few prospective longitudinal studies have assessed the course of intelligence deficits in early onset schizophrenia (EOS), and these have used different age appropriate versions of Wechsler Intelligence Scales and age appropriate norms. The post-psychotic development of intelligence in EOS has predominantly been characterized as relatively stable in these studies. However, comparisons of IQs from different test versions based on the different norms may not permit unequivocal interpretations. The objective of the current study was to compare the development of intelligence in EOS patients (N = 10) from their first psychotic episode to 5 years of post onset with that of healthy controls (N = 35) and patients who at baseline had been diagnosed with other non-affective psychoses (N = 8). The same version of a Wechsler Intelligence Scale was administered at both baseline and follow-up assessments, and the same norms were used to derive IQs at baseline and followup. Significantly smaller change in mean full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) was found in diagnostically stable EOS patients compared with healthy controls during the follow-up period. However, no statistically significant difference in mean FSIQ change was observed between patients with EOS and patients with other non-affective psychoses, although this result must be interpreted with caution due to the small sample sizes. The results suggest abnormally slow acquisition of new intellectual information and skills in EOS patients during the first 5 years after full clinical presentation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Course of intelligence deficits in early onset, first episode schizophrenia: a controlled, 5-year longitudinal study

Jepsen

Fagerlund

Pagsberg

et al. 2009

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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“…Reaching peak cortical thickness at a younger age also means the typically developing children enter earlier the phase of cortical thinning that dominates adolescence (40,41). Because of the limited age range, we were not able to define the age at which the adolescent phase of cortical thinning levels off, transitioning into stable adult cortical dimensions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation

Shaw

Eckstrand

Sharp

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,461

103

1,085

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There is controversy over the nature of the disturbance in brain development that underpins attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In particular, it is unclear whether the disorder results from a delay in brain maturation or whether it represents a complete deviation from the template of typical development. Using computational neuroanatomic techniques, we estimated cortical thickness at >40,000 cerebral points from 824 magnetic resonance scans acquired prospectively on 223 children with ADHD and 223 typically developing controls. With this sample size, we could define the growth trajectory of each cortical point, delineating a phase of childhood increase followed by adolescent decrease in cortical thickness (a quadratic growth model). From these trajectories, the age of attaining peak cortical thickness was derived and used as an index of cortical maturation. We found maturation to progress in a similar manner regionally in both children with and without ADHD, with primary sensory areas attaining peak cortical thickness before polymodal, high-order association areas. However, there was a marked delay in ADHD in attaining peak thickness throughout most of the cerebrum: the median age by which 50% of the cortical points attained peak thickness for this group was 10.5 years (SE 0.01), which was significantly later than the median age of 7.5 years (SE 0.02) for typically developing controls (log rank test (1) 2 ‫؍‬ 5,609, P < 1.0 ؋ 10 ؊20 ). The delay was most prominent in prefrontal regions important for control of cognitive processes including attention and motor planning. Neuroanatomic documentation of a delay in regional cortical maturation in ADHD has not been previously reported. cortical development ͉ structural neuroimaging A ttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopment disorder of childhood affecting between 3% and 5% of school-aged children (1). Since its earliest descriptions, there has been debate as to whether the disorder is a consequence partly of delay in brain maturation or as a complete deviation from the template of typical development (2). Several studies find that brain activity at rest and in response to cognitive probes is similar between children with ADHD and their slightly younger but typically developing peers, evidence congruent with a maturational lag in cortical development (3-5). However, others report a quantitatively distinct neurophysiology, with a unique architecture of the electroencephalogram and some highly anomalous findings in functional imaging studies, more in keeping with ADHD as a deviation from typical development (6-10).In a previous longitudinal study, we found parallel trajectories of gray lobar volume change in children with ADHD and typically developing controls, but more focal changes in cortical maturation occurring at a sublobar level would not be detected by this lobar measure (11). We thus aimed to define the trajectory of cortical development using a measure of cortical thickness that affords exquisite spatial re...

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“…Another four longitudinal studies searched for progressive changes after treatment with either of atypical antipsychotics [2,26,31,32]. Seven studies evaluated the changes in brain structure after medication with only atypical antipsychotic medication [33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Three studies assessed chronic patients with schizophrenia [29,33,34], two studies focused on childhood-onset psychosis [38,39], whereas the other studies only included patients with first-episode schizophrenia [2,26,[30][31][32][35][36][37].…”

Section: Longitudinal Mri Studies Using Voxel-based Morphometry (Vbm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seven studies evaluated the changes in brain structure after medication with only atypical antipsychotic medication [33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Three studies assessed chronic patients with schizophrenia [29,33,34], two studies focused on childhood-onset psychosis [38,39], whereas the other studies only included patients with first-episode schizophrenia [2,26,[30][31][32][35][36][37]. The brain changes were compared with a healthy control group comprising healthy volunteers in seven studies [26,30,32,35,[37][38][39].…”

Section: Longitudinal Mri Studies Using Voxel-based Morphometry (Vbm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results from recently decompensated antipsychotic-free schizophrenic patients showed no evidence, that a four-week antipsychotic treatment itself may cause volumetric change in cerebral WM volume [30]. Patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia treated for two years with atypical antipsychotics showed GM reductions in parietal and fronto-temporal cortices as well as reduced total GM volume [37]. The specifics of each of these longitudinal VBM studies have been included in Table 3.…”

Section: Longitudinal Mri Studies Using Voxel-based Morphometry (Vbm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Effects of Antipsychotics on the Brain: What Have We Learnt from Structural Imaging of Schizophrenia? – A Systematic Review

Smieskova

Fusar‐Poli²,

Allen³

et al. 2009

CPD

185

131

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Abstract:Despite a large number of neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia reporting subtle brain abnormalities, we do not know to what extent such abnormalities reflect the effects of antipsychotic treatment on brain structure. We therefore systematically reviewed cross-sectional and follow-up structural brain imaging studies of patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics. 30 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were identified, 24 of them being longitudinal and six cross-sectional structural imaging studies. In patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics, reduced gray matter volume was described, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes. Structural neuroimaging studies indicate that treatment with typical as well as atypical antipsychotics may affect regional gray matter (GM) volume. In particular, typical antipsychotics led to increased gray matter volume of the basal ganglia, while atypical antipsychotics reversed this effect after switching. Atypical antipsychotics, however, seem to have no effect on basal ganglia structure.

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Comparison of Progressive Cortical Gray Matter Loss in Childhood-OnsetSchizophrenia With That in Childhood-Onset Atypical Psychoses

Cited by 136 publications

References 34 publications

Course of intelligence deficits in early onset, first episode schizophrenia: a controlled, 5-year longitudinal study

Course of intelligence deficits in early onset, first episode schizophrenia: a controlled, 5-year longitudinal study

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation

The Effects of Antipsychotics on the Brain: What Have We Learnt from Structural Imaging of Schizophrenia? – A Systematic Review

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