Comparison of primary mitral valve disease in German Shepherd dogs and in small breeds

288

369

Background: There are few studies evaluating the natural history and prognostic variables in chronic mitral valve disease (CMVI) in a heterogeneous population of dogs.Objectives: To estimate survival and prognostic value of clinical and echocardiographic variables in dogs with CMVI of varying severity. Five hundred and fifty-eight dogs belonging to 36 breeds were studied.Methods: Dogs were included after clinical examination and echocardiography. Long-term outcome was assessed by telephone interview with the owner.Results: The mean follow-up time was 22.7 AE 13.6 months, and the median survival time was 19.5 AE 13.2 months. In univariate analysis, age48 years, syncope, HR4140 bpm, dyspnea, arrhythmias, class of heart failure (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council), furosemide therapy, end-systolic volume-index (ESV-I)430 mL/m 2 , left atrial to aortic root ratio (LA/Ao)41.7, E wave transmitral peak velocity (Emax)41.2 m/s, and bilateral mitral valve leaflet engagement were associated with survival time when all causes of death were included. For the cardiac-related deaths, all the previous variables except dyspnea and EDV-I4100 mL/m 2 were significantly associated with survival time. Significant variables in multivariate analysis (all causes of death) were syncope, LA/Ao41.7 m/s, and Emax41.2 m/s. For cardiac-related death, the only significant variable was LA/Ao41.7.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Mild CMVI is a relatively benign condition in dogs. However, some clinical variables can identify dogs at a higher risk of death; these variables might be useful to identify individuals that need more frequent monitoring or therapeutic intervention.

Section: Echocardiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival Characteristics and Prognostic Variables of Dogs with Mitral Regurgitation Attributable to Myxomatous Valve Disease

Borgarelli

Savarino

Crosara

et al. 2008

288

369

“…The disorder predominantly affects small breed dogs,13 although large breeds can also be affected 14. The prevalence of DMVD has been found to increase with age6, 8, 15, 16 and can approach 100% in geriatric populations of high‐risk breeds 8, 15.…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs Attending Primary‐care Veterinary Practices in England

Mattin

Boswood

Church

et al. 2015

BackgroundTo date, epidemiological studies on degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) in dogs have largely reported referral caseloads or been limited to predisposed breeds. Analysis of primary‐care data to identify factors associated with DMVD would help clinicians identify high‐risk individuals and improve understanding.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of and identify risk factors for DMVD in dogs attending primary‐care veterinary practices in England.AnimalsCases were identified within the electronic patient records of 111,967 dogs attending 93 practices. Four hundred and 5 dogs were diagnosed with DMVD (diagnosed cases) and a further 3,557 dogs had a heart murmur (HM) consistent with DMVD (possible cases).MethodsRetrospective cross‐sectional study design. Prevalence was adjusted for the sampling approach. Mixed effects logistic regression models identified factors associated with DMVD.ResultsPrevalence estimates of diagnosed DMVD and HMs consistent with DMVD (both diagnosed and possible cases) were 0.36% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.29–0.45) and 3.54% (95% CI: 3.26–3.84) respectively. In the multivariable analysis, males had higher odds of diagnosed DMVD than did females (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% CI: 1.12–1.74). Insured dogs had increased odds of DMVD compared with noninsured dogs (OR 3.56, 95% CI: 2.79–4.55) and dogs ≥20 kg had approximately half the odds of DMVD diagnosis compared with dogs <20 kg (OR 0.51, 95% CI: 0.36–0.74). Strong associations between a DMVD diagnosis and individual breeds and age were identified.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDegenerative mitral valve disease was a common disorder in practice‐attending dogs. Knowledge of identified risk factors for DMVD could improve clinical diagnosis and direct future research.

“…It is a pathologic response to several pulmonary parenchymal diseases and parasitic insults, and may develop secondary to increased left atrial pressure, pulmonary blood flow, or increased pulmonary vascular resistance 12. In studies of the most common acquired canine heart disease (mitral valve degeneration), 14–31% of cases have concurrent PH 13, 14. Additionally, up to 20% of dogs with PH are reported to suffer from syncopal events 12.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of PDE5A:E90K: A Polymorphism in the Canine Phosphodiesterase 5A Gene Affecting Basal cGMP Concentrations of Healthy Dogs

Stern

Reina-Doreste

Chdid

et al. 2013

BackgroundCyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)‐specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5A) is the target of phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as sildenafil. Polymorphisms in the PDE5A gene that may predict response to therapy with sildenafil and nitric oxide, be linked to disease progression, and aid in risk assessment have been identified in human beings. Identification of polymorphisms in PDE5A could affect the physiologic actions of PDE5A and the effects of phosphodiestrase type 5 inhibitor drugs.Hypothesis/ObjectiveFunctional polymorphisms exist in the canine PDE5A gene. Specific objectives were to identify PDE5A polymorphisms and evaluate their functional relevance.AnimalsSeventy healthy dogs.MethodsThe exonic, splice‐site, 3′ and 5′ untranslated regions of the canine PDE5A gene were sequenced in 15 dogs and aligned with the canine reference sequence. Identified polymorphisms were evaluated in 55 additional, healthy, unrelated dogs of 20 breeds. Plasma was collected from 51 of these dogs and cGMP was measured. An unpaired t‐test and one‐way ANOVA with Dunnett's test of multiple comparisons were used to evaluate the effect of genotype on cGMP.ResultsA common exonic polymorphism was identified that changed glutamic acid to lysine and resulted in significantly lower cGMP concentrations in the group with polymorphism versus the wild type group (P = .014). Additionally, 6 linked single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3′ untranslated region were identified that did not alter cGMP concentrations.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA polymorphism exists in the canine PDE5A gene that is associated with variable circulating cGMP concentrations in healthy dogs and warrants investigation in diseases such as pulmonary hypertension.