Comparison of PM2.5 and PM10 monitors

Williams, Ron; Suggs, Jack C.; Rodes, Charles; Lawless, P.A.; Zweidinger, Roy B.; Kwok, Ron Chi-Wai; Creason, John P.; Sheldon, Linda

doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500138

Cited by 42 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This finding is unusual; of eleven recent studies, most showed mean personal exposures that were higher than mean outdoor concentrations (personal/outdoor ratios ranging from 0.8 to 2.5, compared to our ratio of 0.6, the lowest of all the studies) (Jannsen et al 1999;Pellizzari et al 1999;2001;Rojas-Bracho et al 2000;Williams et al 2000;Weisel et al 2005;Turpin et al 2007;Brown et al 2008). The DEARS study in the neighboring city of Detroit took place in the same years and resulted in similar mean outdoor PM 2.5 concentrations of about 16 µg/m 3 (Williams et al 2008), which is nearly identical to the mean of 15.9 µg/m 3 in Windsor; yet the mean indoor concentrations in Detroit were 19 µg/m 3 compared with 8 µg/m 3 in Windsor.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 38%

Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Concentrations of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Using Continuous Monitors in Multiple Residences

Wheeler¹,

Wallace²,

Kearney³

et al. 2011

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Concentrations of airborne continuous fine particulate matter or (PM 2.5 ), black carbon (BC), and ultrafine particles (UFP) were continuously measured over 5 days in winter and summer both indoors and outdoors at residences for forty-eight adults in 2005 and forty-seven asthmatic children in 2006. During 2006, personal concentrations of PM 2.5 were also measured continuously. All 4 continuous instruments employed performed well both in laboratory and field conditions. Mean outdoor concentrations of PM 2.5 , BC, and UFP were significantly higher than either indoor or personal concentrations. Air exchange rates were low (median value only 0.2/h), there was widespread use of central forced air and high-quality furnace filters. Outdoor concentrations of all particle-related pollutants showed overnight decreases followed by increases during the morning rush hours. Afternoon concentrations increased for UFP and decreased for BC, with PM 2.5 staying about the same. Between 5:00 pm and 7:00 pm, indoor UFP and PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded their mean daily values by 160% and 60%, respectively, suggesting that cooking is an extremely important source for these two pollutants. However, BC values did not increase at these hours. The highest indoor-outdoor ratios were observed for UFP suggesting that indoor sources were relatively more important for UFP than for other particle components. BC measurements in Windsor agreed moderately well (R 2 = 41%) with an independent measure of elemental carbon (EC) in Detroit. This large residential air pollution study has provided data making it possible to identify short-term variations and possible sources that can influence the relationships between pollutants and environments.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 38%

Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Concentrations of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Using Continuous Monitors in Multiple Residences

Wheeler¹,

Wallace²,

Kearney³

et al. 2011

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…164 PM 2.5 mass from the dichotomous sampler was approximately 17% lower than MOUDI in Los Angeles, 165 attributed to NO 3 Ϫ volatilization. At a low flow rate (2 L/min), Williams et al 166 showed that a PM 2.5 personal environmental monitor (PEM; MSP, Inc.) used for exposure assessments 167-169 measured 16 -18% higher mass than a collocated FRM. Table 12 shows that various FRM measurements were within 10% of each other, whereas FRM was within Ϯ10 -20% of non-FRM PM 2.5 mass.…”

Section: Oc and Ecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Integrated and Continuous Measurements for Particle Mass and Chemical Composition

Chow

Doraiswamy

Watson

et al. 2008

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Recent improvements in integrated and continuous PM 2.5 mass and chemical measurements from the Supersite program and related studies in the past decade are summarized. Analytical capabilities of the measurement methods, including accuracy, precision, interferences, minimum detectable levels, comparability, and data completeness are documented. Upstream denuders followed by filter packs in integrated samplers allow an estimation of sampling artifacts. Efforts are needed to: (1) address positive and negative artifacts for organic carbon (OC), and (2) develop carbon standards to better separate organic versus elemental carbon (EC) under different temperature settings and analysis atmospheres. Advances in thermal desorption followed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) provide organic speciation of approximately 130 nonpolar compounds (e.g., n-alkanes, alkenes, hopanes, steranes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]) using small portions of filters from existing integrated samples. Speciation of water-soluble OC (WSOC) using ion chromatography (IC)-based instruments can replace labor-intensive solvent extraction for many compounds used as source markers. Thermal gasbased continuous nitrate and sulfate measurements underestimate filter ions by 10 -50% and require calibration against on-site filter-based measurements. IC-based instruments provide multiple ions and report comparable (Ϯ10%) results to filter-based measurements. Maintaining a greater than 80% data capture rate in continuous instruments is labor intensive and requires experienced operators. Several instruments quantify black carbon (BC) by optical or photoacoustic methods, or EC by thermal methods. A few instruments provide real-time OC, EC, and organic speciation. BC and EC concentrations from continuous instruments are highly correlated but the concentrations differ by a factor of two or more. Site-and season-specific mass absorption efficiencies are needed to convert light absorption to BC. Particle mass spectrometers, although semiquantitative, provide much information on particle size and composition related to formation, growth, and characteristics over short averaging times. Efforts are made to quantify mass by collocating with other particle sizing instruments. Common parameters should be identified and consistent approaches are needed to establish comparability among measurements.

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“…The detailed site information can be found in Figs. 1 Price et al (2003), and Williams et al (2000). Reference methods for PM 10 and PM 2.5 mass concentrations includes the European reference method (EN 12341 NORM) and the US EPA reference method for PM 10 (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate/m-201.pdf).…”

Section: Pm 10 Data Over Canadamentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting trends of mass and optical properties of aerosols over the Northern Hemisphere from 1992 to 2011

Wang

Dickinson

et al. 2012

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols affect both human health and climate. PMX is the mass concentration of aerosol particles that have aerodynamic diameters less than X µm, PM 10 was initially selected to measure the environmental impact of aerosols. Recently, it was realized that fine particles are more hazardous than larger ones and should be measured. Consequently, observational data for PM 2.5 have been obtained but only for a much shorter period than that of PM 10 . Optical extinction of aerosols, the inverse of meteorological visibility, is sensitive to particles less than 1.0 µm. These fine particles only account for a small part of total mass of aerosols although they are very efficient in light extinction. Comparisons are made between PM 10 and PM 2.5 over the period when the latter is available and with visibility data for a longer period. PM 10 has decreased by 44 % in Europe from 1992 to 2009, 33 % in the US from 1993 to 2010, 10 % in Canada from 1994 to 2009, and 26 % in China from 2000 to 2011. However, in contrast, aerosol optical extinction has increased 7 % in the US, 10 % in Canada, and 18 % in China during the above study periods. The reduction of optical extinction over Europe of 5 % is also much less than the 44 % reduction in PM 10 . Over its short period of record PM 2.5 decreased less than PM 10 . Hence, PM 10 is neither a good measure of changes in smaller particles nor of their long-term trends, a result that has important implications for both climate impact and human health effects. The increased fraction of anthropogenic aerosol emission, such as from vehicle exhaust, to total atmospheric aerosols partly explains this contrasting trend of optical and mass properties of aerosols.

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Comparison of PM2.5 and PM10 monitors

Cited by 42 publications

References 7 publications

Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Concentrations of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Using Continuous Monitors in Multiple Residences

Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Concentrations of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Using Continuous Monitors in Multiple Residences

Advances in Integrated and Continuous Measurements for Particle Mass and Chemical Composition

Contrasting trends of mass and optical properties of aerosols over the Northern Hemisphere from 1992 to 2011

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