Comparison of plasma and saliva levels of diazepam.

Gier, Johan J. de; Hart, B.J. 't; Wilderink, P F; Nelemans, F A

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb01732.x

Cited by 29 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Because diazepam has been studied most thoroughly, it is selected as the model compound for interpretation ( 7). The disposition of diazepam and its metabolites in oral fluid has been reported following a single oral dose, 46–51 multiple daily doses, 48,51 and chronic dosing 49,52 . Following oral diazepam, concentrations in plasma and oral fluid peak at approximately 0.75 h 47 .…”

Section: Drug Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretation of Oral Fluid Tests for Drugs of Abuse

Cone¹,

Huestis

2007

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

159

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Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse offers significant advantages over urine as a test matrix. Collection can be performed under direct observation with reduced risk of adulteration and substitution. Drugs generally appear in oral fluid by passive diffusion from blood, but also may be deposited in the oral cavity during oral, smoked, and intranasal administration. Drug metabolites also can be detected in oral fluid. Unlike urine testing, there may be a close correspondence between drug and metabolite concentrations in oral fluid and in blood. Interpretation of oral fluid results for drugs of abuse should be an iterative process whereby one considers the test results in the context of program requirements and a broad scientific knowledge of the many factors involved in determining test outcome. This review delineates many of the chemical and metabolic processes involved in the disposition of drugs and metabolites in oral fluid that are important to the appropriate interpretation of oral fluid tests. Chemical, metabolic, kinetic, and analytic parameters are summarized for selected drugs of abuse, and general guidelines are offered for understanding the significance of oral fluid tests.

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Section: Drug Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretation of Oral Fluid Tests for Drugs of Abuse

Cone¹,

Huestis

2007

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

159

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“…[23][24][25] A possible explanation for the observed variation in our study is that we measured the ratios in the general population, with different doses and time since the last dose. [23][24][25] A possible explanation for the observed variation in our study is that we measured the ratios in the general population, with different doses and time since the last dose.…”

Section: Oral Fluid To Blood Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 85%

Detection of 4 Benzodiazepines in Oral Fluid as Biomarker for Presence in Blood

Gjerde

Langel

Favretto

et al. 2014

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

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The concentration of the 4 studied benzodiazepines in oral fluid can neither be used to accurately estimate the concentrations in blood nor to correctly identify patients with blood drug concentrations below or above recommended therapeutic levels. When using analytical methods with limits of quantitation corresponding to concentrations less than 0.5 ng/mL in undiluted oral fluid, it may be used to confirm a recent intake of benzodiazepines. However, it is likely that some false negatives may occur.

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“…Mean diazepam concentration in plasma was about 100 ng/ml after 4 h, the concentration in mixed saliva (stimulated by chewing Parafilm and collected by spitting) was at that time 2.5 ng/ml. In two other studies, concentrations in plasma of 100 ng/ml was accompanied with about 1.2-1.5 ng/ml diazepam in oral fluid stimulated by chewing Teflon tape [39,40]. Thus, the suggested legal limit of diazepam in blood is expected to correspond to about 2 ng/ml in oral fluid.…”

Section: Diazepammentioning

confidence: 94%