Comparison of planktonic and biofilm-associated communities of Clostridium difficile and indigenous gut microbiota in a triple-stage chemostat gut model

Crowther, Grace S.; Chilton, Caroline H.; Todhunter, Sharie L.; Nicholson, Scott; Freeman, Joseph T.; Baines, Simon D.; Wilcox, Mark H.

doi:10.1093/jac/dku116

Cited by 44 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…C. difficile is a motile bacterium, and the switch between the sessile and motile phase is regulated by the secondary messenger cyclic di-GMP [53][54][55] . C. difficile is also capable -at least in vitro -of forming robust biofilms [56][57][58] . Cell-cell signalling contributes to both colonization and virulence factor expression 59,60 .…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistance Of Clostridium Difficilementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The host microbiota and its associated metabolites greatly influence the ability of C. difficile spores to germinate and colonize the gut 39,43 . However, niche-specific competition 232 or collaboration (for instance, in a multispecies biofilm 56,58 ) might also contribute. Most of the metagenomic studies have focused on bacterial species, whereas the contribution of fungal species and viruses (bacteriophages) is poorly explored.…”

Section: Colonization and Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clostridium difficile Infection

Wilcox¹,

Vehreschild²,

Nord³

2015

Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

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Infection of the colon with the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile is potentially life threatening, especially in elderly people and in patients who have dysbiosis of the gut microbiota following antimicrobial drug exposure. C. difficile is the leading cause of health-care-associated infective diarrhoea. The life cycle of C. difficile is influenced by antimicrobial agents, the host immune system, and the host microbiota and its associated metabolites. The primary mediators of inflammation in C. difficile infection (CDI) are large clostridial toxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), and, in some bacterial strains, the binary toxin CDT. The toxins trigger a complex cascade of host cellular responses to cause diarrhoea, inflammation and tissue necrosis -the major symptoms of CDI. The factors responsible for the epidemic of some C. difficile strains are poorly understood. Recurrent infections are common and can be debilitating. Toxin detection for diagnosis is important for accurate epidemiological study, and for optimal management and prevention strategies. Infections are commonly treated with specific antimicrobial agents, but faecal microbiota transplants have shown promise for recurrent infections. Future biotherapies for C. difficile infections are likely to involve defined combinations of key gut microbiota. Competing interests statement W.K.S. has performed research for Cubist. D.L. has performed research for Immuron and Adenium Biotech. D.B.L. has performed research for MedImmune and Merck. M.H.W. has received consulting fees from Abbott, Actelion Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cerexa, Cubist, Durata, The European Tissue Symposium, The Medicines Company, MedImmune, Merck, Motif Biosciences, Nabriva, Optimer, Paratek, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi Pasteur, Seres Therapeutics, Summit Pharmaceuticals, and Synthetic Biologics. M.H.W. has also received lecture fees from Abbott, Alere, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Hoffmann La Roche, and received grant support from Abbott, Actelion, Astellas, bioMérieux, Cubist, Da Volterra, The European Tissue Symposium, Merck and Summit Pharmaceuticals. E.J.K. has performed research for Cubist, Novartis and Qiagen, and has participated in advisory forums of Astellas, Optimer, Actelion, Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur and Seres Therapeutics. These companies had no role in the writing of this Primer. HHS Public AccessAuthor manuscript Nat Rev Dis Primers. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 June 01. Published in final edited form as:Nat Rev Dis Primers. ; 2: 16020. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.20. Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author ManuscriptClostridium difficile is a Gram-positive obligate anaerobic bacterium that was originally identified as part of the flora of healthy infants in 1935, described as an "actively motile, heavy-bodied rod with elongated subterminal or nearly terminal spores" (REF. 1) (FIG. 1). At that time, the strain was named Bacillus difficilis to reflect the difficulty experienced in isolating and culturing it. De...

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Section: Antibiotic Resistance Of Clostridium Difficilementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Colonization and Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium difficile Infection

Wilcox¹,

Vehreschild²,

Nord³

2015

Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Recurrent disease is observed in previously been utilised to analyse sessile mixed-species communities and investigate the role of biofilms in CDI [7]. We describe here the structure, the assembly and application of the traditional gut model, and how this model can be adapted to additional allow the analysis of intestinal biofilm communities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optimal biofilm formation and removal techniques have been determined. The biofilm gut model is currently the only in vitro platform enabling analysis of complex, multi-species intestinal biofilm and has previously been utilised to analyse sessile mixed-species communities and investigate the role of biofilms in CDI [7]. We describe here the structure, the assembly and application of the traditional gut model, and how this model can be adapted to additional allow the analysis of intestinal biofilm communities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An In Vitro Model of the Human Colon: Studies of Intestinal Biofilms and Clostridium difficile Infection

Crowther

Wilcox

Chilton

2016

Methods in Molecular Biology

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SummaryThe in vitro gut model is an invaluable research tool to study indigenous gut microbiota communities, the behaviour of pathogenic organisms and the therapeutic and adverse effect of antimicrobial administration on these communities. The model has been validated against the intestinal contents of sudden death victims to reflect the physicochemical and microbiological conditions of the proximal to distal colon, and has been extensively used to investigate the interplay between gut microbiota populations, antibiotic exposure and Clostridium difficile infection. More recently the gut model has been adapted to additionally model intestinal biofilm. Here we describe the structure, assembly and application of the biofilm gut model. Key words: Chemostat, Clostridium difficile, biofilm, modelling, mucosa, microbiota, IntroductionClostridium difficile infection (CDI) continues to pose a major public health threat and is associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality. Recurrent disease is observed in previously been utilised to analyse sessile mixed-species communities and investigate the role of biofilms in CDI [7]. We describe here the structure, the assembly and application of the traditional gut model, and how this model can be adapted to additional allow the analysis of intestinal biofilm communities. Materials Traditional chemostat vesselThe triple stage biofilm gut model consists of three glass fermentation vessels connected in a weir cascade system (Fig. 2). Vessels are maintained at 37°C via a water jacketed system connected to a circulating heated water bath. Vessel contents are magnetically stirred and pH values of the vessels are maintained at 5.5 (±0.2), 6.2 (±0.2), 6.8 (±0.2) for vessel 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The anaerobicity of the system is maintained by the continuous sparging of oxygen free nitrogen into each vessel. The system is top fed with a complex growth medium at a controlled rate (flow rate; 13.2 mL/h) using a peristaltic pump (see Notes 1 and 2).

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Evaluating tannery wastewater treatment performance based on physicochemical and microbiological characteristics: An Ethiopian case study

Abate

Feleke

Love

2020

Water Environment Research

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Tanneries are an important industrial sector in Ethiopia; consequently, gaps in wastewater treatment process performance need to be identified as the country increases its emphasis on compliance. A case study was conducted to evaluate physicochemical and microbial water quality at a tannery near Addis Ababa. The treatment process was designed for the following: sulfide oxidation; biological oxygen demand reduction; and chromium removal. While some of Ethiopia's standards for industrial wastewater treatment were met through treatment, effluent COD, sulfide, total nitrogen, and total chromium guidelines were not. 16S rRNA gene analysis was used to evaluate the microbial community composition across the treatment train. The results show that common ruminant phyla were dominant throughout, with Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes comprising 77% to 82% relative abundance. The Firmicutes Clostridium increased consistently in relative abundance with treatment, comprising 39% to 61% of the total bacterial community in the effluent. Improved treatment is needed to meet environmental and public health goals. Practitioner Points Case Study of tannery wastewater treatment in Ethiopia shows ineffective treatment of chemical pollutants. Microbiological pollutants from tannery wastewater systems can introduce agents of importance to public health The microbiological composition of tannery influent, mixed liquor and effluent contains mostly four bacterial phyla lead by Firmicutes. Most pathogenic bacterial genera found in the tannery wastewater treatment system became a decreasing percentage of the total population. Clostridium comprises up to 61% of the effluent bacterial population and deserves further evaluation to better understand the consequences of its dominance.

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Comparison of planktonic and biofilm-associated communities of Clostridium difficile and indigenous gut microbiota in a triple-stage chemostat gut model

Cited by 44 publications

References 45 publications

Clostridium difficile Infection

Clostridium difficile Infection

An In Vitro Model of the Human Colon: Studies of Intestinal Biofilms and Clostridium difficile Infection

Evaluating tannery wastewater treatment performance based on physicochemical and microbiological characteristics: An Ethiopian case study

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