Comparison of phytochemicals, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activity of unripe and ripe fruit of Sonneratia caseolaris

Abstract

Sonneratia caseolaris, also known as mangrove apple produces the edible fruit which can be found mainly on tidal mud in mangroves area. Since this fruit is considered as underutilized fruit as it is not fully discovered for its potential health benefits and not fully commercialized, hence this study aimed to determine the phytochemicals contents (i.e. total flavonoid, phenolic, anthocyanins and carotenoids contents), antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of different parts (flesh and stem cap) of the unripe and ripe fruit extracts. Phytochemicals, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities were determined using standard methods of spectrophotometric analysis. The flesh part of unripe S. caseolaris displayed the highest total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid contents as compared to the other parts in 80% methanol extract with the values of 67.67±0.10 mg (GAE/g), 37.06±0.30 mg (RE/g) and 5.41±0.10 mg (BC/100 g), respectively. The flesh part of unripe S. caseolaris in 80% methanol extract exhibited the best antioxidant properties in three different assays (i.e. DPPH, FRAP and ABTS) with the values of 98.32±0.28%, 67.72±0.74 mmol/g and 91.24±1.23 mg/g, respectively. The acetylcholinesterase inhibition also was found to be higher in the flesh part of unripe 80% methanol S. caseolaris extract with 47.18±0.68% at the concentration of 250 µg/mL. Therefore, utilization of this fruit as natural antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition sources may develop new pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.

Phytochemicals, proximate composition, minerals and volatile oil analysis of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruits

“…[31][32][33][34] There is evidence that alkaloids can stimulate the central nervous system. 35 The antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and anticancer effects of tannins are well documented. They offer a variety of pharmacological qualities that have been linked to wound healing, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant activities.…”

“…37 According to reports, detected steroids and triterpenoids exhibit anti-bacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, and anti-cholesterol synthesis inhibiting activities. [35][36][37] Antibacterial activities of steroids and triterpenoids have been documented. 38,39 They have long been used medicinally, and one of its common biologic characteristics is cytotoxicity.…”

Exploring the Mangrove Fruit: From the Phytochemicals to Functional Food Development and the Current Progress in the Middle East

“…The total phenolic content (TPC) in the mangrove fruit is also widely investigated and, for most purposes, relates TPC with antioxidant activities [ 37 , 38 ]. TPC is positively correlated with the antioxidants; thus, the exploration probes for high TPC content in the fruit [ 39 , 40 ]. However, the evaluation is limited due to the extraction method ( Figure 2 ), which may produce bias in the results.…”

“… Total phenolic content (TPC) from several mangrove fruit extracted using different solvents: Hex (hexane), EA (ethyl acetate), water, MeOH (methanol), DCM (dichloromethane), EtOH (ethanol), and Chl (chloroform). Modified from [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 53 , 54 ]. …”

“…In the ripe fruit, the compound is degraded due to the biosynthesis pathway controlled by enzyme expression, environmental factors, and genetics. The antioxidant activity of the juice has a strong correlation with the total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content [ 39 ]. The juice of Barringtonia racemosa showed antioxidant and α -glucosidase inhibition activities, while the juice of Thespesia populnea showed antihyperglycemic- and hypoglycemic-induced diabetes in the rabbit.…”