Comparison of Periodontal Conditions Between Smokers and Non smokers

Torkzaban, Parviz; Hedayatipanah, Morad

doi:10.17795/ajdr-28019

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 20 publications

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“…The occurrence and severity of calculus in former smokers who quit smoking in the distant past was similar to participants who had never smoked. Also, our findings are in line with a recent study conducted in healthy smokers and non-smokers with or without periodontal disease, which found that the plaque control record was significantly higher in the smoker groups compared to the non-smokers, independent of their periodontal condition [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Assessment of the correlations between nicotine dependence, exhaled carbon monoxide levels and oral hygiene status: an observational study

Moga

Boșca

Bondor

et al. 2017

Medicine and Pharmacy Reports

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Background and aimCigarette smoking has negative effects on general health, including oral health. The aim of our study was to assess the correlations between nicotine dependence, exhaled carbon monoxide levels and oral hygiene status.MethodsSmoker and non-smoker participants were enrolled in this observational study. The Fagerström test was used to classify nicotine dependences: low (score: 0–3), medium (score: 4–6) or high (score: 7–10). The oral hygiene status was classified according to the oral hygiene indices of plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation. Lastly, the exhaled carbon monoxide levels were measured with a MicroSmokelyzer (Bedfont Scientific Ltd., Kent, United Kingdom).ResultsSixty five participants (50 smokers in the study group and 15 non-smokers in the control group) were enrolled between 11th and 29th of January 2016. No statistical differences were observed between the study group and the control group in terms of age (mean age±SD 23.5±1.9 and 24.0±1.5, respectively) or gender (50% and 26.6%, respectively). A statistically significant difference was observed between the 2 groups in terms of plaque, (p=0.036), calculus (p=0.001) and gingival indices (p<0.001). A positive correlation was found between the exhaled levels of carbon monoxide and the general Fagerström score (r=0.97, p<0.001) or the Fagerström score in smokers (r=0.93, p<0.001); a negative correlation was observed between the exhaled carbon monoxide levels and the number of tooth brushings daily (r=−0.41, p=0.001). The plaque index was statistically significantly associated with the exhaled carbon monoxide levels (p=0.008), general Fagerström score (p=0.016) and number of tooth brushings daily (p<0.001). The calculus and gingival indices were statistically significantly associated with the exhaled carbon monoxide levels (p<0.001), general Fagerström score (p<0.001) and score in smoker participants (p=0.029 and p=0.001, respectively) as well as the number of tooth brushings daily (p<0.001).ConclusionOur study found a significant association between the plaque, calculus and gingival indices and smoking. Moreover, nicotine dependence was significantly associated with the number of daily tooth brushings and the gingival index.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Assessment of the correlations between nicotine dependence, exhaled carbon monoxide levels and oral hygiene status: an observational study

Moga

Boșca

Bondor

et al. 2017

Medicine and Pharmacy Reports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Evaluation of Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels and Effect of Tobacco Smoking in Periodontally Diseased Non-Diabetic Patients

Gaind,

Suresh,

Tuli

2024

IJMA

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Background and Objective Chronic diseases have progressively increased worldwide, impacting all areas and socioeconomic groups. Periodontal disease is an increasing global concern and contains risk factors similar to other chronic illnesses. The main risk factor for periodontitis is smoking. Smoking not only hastens periodontal disease but also complicates periodontal therapy. Serum glycosylated hemoglobin levels, which are derived from the average life span of an erythrocyte, are a good indicator of glycemic management during the preceding one to three months. This study was undertaken to assess the association between tobacco smoking and periodontal disease by evaluating plaque score, gingival score, extent and severity index (ESI), and glycemic status by estimating serum HbA1c in cigarette smoker patients compared to non-smokers. Methods The study was conducted with 40 patients in the age range of 20–40 years. Patients were divided into two groups: non-smokers (Group I) and cigarette smokers (Group II). Periodontal clinical parameters such as the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and ESI were recorded during the oral cavity examination. The biochemical marker, serum glycosylated hemoglobin, was measured in both groups. All parameters were measured at baseline and three months after periodontal therapy. The statistical tests used were the paired t-test, and Chi-square test for comparison between both groups. Results The mean difference of PI of non-smokers was 0.33 ± 0.30, and smokers were 0.52 ± 0.32, which was statistically significant. The mean difference of GI of non-smokers was 0.34 ± 0.19 and smokers 0.36 ± 0.303, which was statistically significant. The mean difference of extent in non-smokers was 5.33 ± 1.59, 5.52 ± 2.43, and smokers were 0.18 ± 0.17. The mean difference in severity in non-smokers was 0.18 ± 0.17, and smokers were 0.31 ± 0.25, which was statistically significant. The mean difference of HbA1c in non-smokers and smokers was 0.43 ± 0.277 and 0.415 ± 0.230, which shows a higher mean difference in non-smokers, which was statistically non-significant. Conclusion and Global Health Implications This study concluded that each of Group I and Group II showed substantial improvements in all clinical periodontal variables, which include plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), extent and severity index (ESI), and biochemical marker serum glycosylated hemoglobin. Controlling inflammation with SRP can improve insulin resistance, lower glucose levels, and prevent non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin.

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Comparison of Periodontal Conditions Between Smokers and Non smokers

Cited by 2 publications

References 20 publications

Assessment of the correlations between nicotine dependence, exhaled carbon monoxide levels and oral hygiene status: an observational study

Assessment of the correlations between nicotine dependence, exhaled carbon monoxide levels and oral hygiene status: an observational study

Evaluation of Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels and Effect of Tobacco Smoking in Periodontally Diseased Non-Diabetic Patients

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