Comparison of peri‐implant clinical and radiographic inflammatory parameters among cigarette and waterpipe (narghile) smokers and never‐smokers

Abstract

Peri-implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters and crestal bone loss are worse in CS and WS smokers compared with NS. There is no difference in these parameters among CS and WS.

Assessment of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐Α levels in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid among waterpipe (narghile) smokers and never‐smokers with peri‐implantitis

“…Another form of smoking that originated from Middle‐Eastern countries (such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Lebanon) and has gained acceptance in many Western countries (including the United Kingdom and the United States) is waterpipe (synonyms, narghile, hookah, and shisha) smoking . A general delusion among waterpipe‐smokers (WS) is that this form of tobacco smoking is less hazardous to health than conventional cigarette‐smoking as the smoke is filtered through water, which absorbs toxic chemicals before the smoke is inhaled . However, clinical evidence has shown that oral inflammatory conditions (such as periodontitis, peri‐implantitis, and oral cancer); and systemic diseases (such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and cardiovascular diseases) are more often manifested in WS than never‐smokers …”

“…A general delusion among waterpipe‐smokers (WS) is that this form of tobacco smoking is less hazardous to health than conventional cigarette‐smoking as the smoke is filtered through water, which absorbs toxic chemicals before the smoke is inhaled . However, clinical evidence has shown that oral inflammatory conditions (such as periodontitis, peri‐implantitis, and oral cancer); and systemic diseases (such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and cardiovascular diseases) are more often manifested in WS than never‐smokers …”

Peri‐implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters and crestal bone loss among waterpipe (narghile) smokers and never‐smokers with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…The present study was based on the hypothesis that peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation and CBL are significantly higher among WS with T2DM as compared to WS without T2DM. The authors applaud results from clinical studies which also showed that a state of chronic hyperglycemia (as in patients with poorly‐controlled T2DM) and habitual waterpipe smoking are independent risk‐factors of peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation and CBL. It is therefore speculated that the AGEs‐RAGE interactions and oxidative stress within peri‐implant tissues are worse in WS with T2DM compared with NS with T2DM.…”

“…The overall kappa score for the intraexaminer reliability was 0.86. Peri‐implant CBL was defined as the vertical distance from 2 mm below the implant‐abutment interface (IAI) on the mesial and distal surfaces to the most crestal part of alveolar bone . The long cone paralleling technique was used to standardize the angulations of the radiographs .…”

“…compared the peri‐implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], and CBL) among WS, CS, and never‐smokers (NS). The results showed that peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation and CBL are poorer in WS and CS than NS with no statistically significant difference among WS and CS . Here, it is pertinent to mention that in these studies patients with systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus were excluded.…”