Comparison of paraffin oil and poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) oil carbon paste electrodes in high organic content solvents

Carbon Paste Electrodes

“…Similarly, the second constituent of carbon paste mixtures is the pasting liquid [4,5,7,9,11,[38][39][40][41] -also a solute [42] or even mulling agent [43] -when the traditional binders are (i) mineral/paraffin oils, predominantly Nujol ® (a commercially marketed mixture of liquid aliphatic hydrocarbons used as the solvent in spectroscopy) or (ii) silicone fluids such as macromolecular alkyl siloxanes. Besides these two principal agents, the field has seen during the lengthy decades many other substances that can be divided into the following categories: (iii) liquid and fluid hydrocarbons, (iv) their halogen derivatives, and (v) some organic ethers and esters.…”

“…Thus, it is worth noting that there is quite a wide family of binary carbon pastes containing pasting liquids with completely opposite properties -the so-called electroactive carbon pastes [4,5,9,15] whose carbon particles are bound by means of a few droplets of highly concentrated solutions of mineral acids or alkaline hydroxides. Finally, another seemingly principal property of a binder -(iii) its liquid state -is not the case of carbon paste mixtures whose binding agent is being intentionally solidified, giving rise to heterogeneous materials of the carbon composite type, also known as solid-like or pseudo-carbon pastes [4,5,11,[43][44][45][46].…”

“…The resultant behavior of each carbon paste and the corresponding CPE(s) always reflects the type and quality of carbonaceous and binding moieties used. With certain simplification, it can be stated that mechanical, physicochemical, and electrochemical properties of CPEs are close to those exhibited by related solid electrodes from graphite and similar materials; nevertheless, because of the presence of the pasting liquid, there are also some specific characteristics or even completely unique features [4,5,7,9,16,40,43,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60].…”

SE‐30 Graphite Composite Electrode: An Alternative for the Development of Electrochemical Biosensors

“…One of the disadvantages of CPE is that it is not suitable for use in organic solvents because of the disintegration of the paste [13][14][15]. Different strategies have been employed for enhancement of electrode stability in organic media.…”

“…Different strategies have been employed for enhancement of electrode stability in organic media. Initially pasting liquids such as silicon oils and fluorocarbon oils were used that are more stable in organic media in comparison to paraffin oil [14,15].…”