Comparison of PAC and MOAH for understanding the carcinogenic and developmental toxicity potential of mineral oils

Carrillo, Juan-Carlos; Kamelia, Lenny; Romanuka, Julija; Kral, Olaf; Isola, Allison L.; Niemelä, Helena; Steneholm, Anna

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105193

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 63 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Vacuum distillates that have not been subject to further refining processes may thus contain hazardous 3- to 7-ring PACs, typically ≤ 7% wt % (HPV 2012 ; Dalbey et al 2014 ; Table S4). Subsequent refining processes of the vacuum distillate, such as solvent extraction, results in two streams: aromatic extract substances (sample SN100-AE) containing typically high levels of total 3- to 7-ring PACs, typically ≤ 20% (Dalbey et al 2014 ; HPV 2014 ; Table S4) and waxy raffinate substances (samples SN100/400-WR) which serves as the primary feedstock for producing base oils and wax substances (HPV 2012 ; Carrillo et al 2021 , 2022 ). Waxy raffinate substances typically contain low level of aromatics including PACs (typ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The type and quantity of aromatic constituents in petroleum substances vary depending on the source of the crude oil feedstock and the processing conditions applied during their manufacturing process (Mackerer et al 2003 ; Tsitou et al 2015 ; Carrillo et al 2022 ). For example, aromatic extracts, obtained upon solvent extraction of distillates or the residue from a vacuum tower, contain a relatively high concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-extractable aromatics (6.6–20.3%, mostly 3- to 7-ring PACs) (HPV 2012 ; Carrillo et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas, highly refined petroleum products, such as highly refined base oil (HRBO) and petroleum derived-waxes, obtained upon dewaxing, deoiling and/or hydrotreatment of base oil process, contain mainly highly alkylated 1- to 2-ring aromatics because the hazardous 3- to 7-ring aromatic compounds in these products are removed during the refinement (Fig. 1 ) (Mackerer et al 2003 ; Carrillo et al 2019 , 2021 , 2022 ; Pirow et al 2019 ). At comparable refining conditions, the level of DMSO extractable-aromatics may be used as a surrogate of the amount of PAC content of a substance and highly refined substances yield less DMSO extractables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, it was shown that the observed in vitro developmental toxicity in both mEST and ZET was partially AhR-mediated (Kamelia et al 2017 , 2018 , 2019a , 2019b , 2021 ). Since the highly refined petroleum products mainly contain 1- to 2-ring aromatics, and contain low or no levels of 3–7 ring PACs (Carrillo et al 2022 ) thus they are not expected to induce developmental toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Evaluating the in vitro developmental toxicity potency of a series of petroleum substance extracts using new approach methodologies (NAMs)

Fang,

Rietjens,

Carrillo

et al. 2023

Arch Toxicol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present study evaluates the in vitro developmental toxicity and the possible underlying mode of action of DMSO extracts of a series of highly complex petroleum substances in the mouse embryonic stem cell test (mEST), the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor reporter gene assay (AhR CALUX assay). Results show that two out of sixteen samples tested, both being poorly refined products that may contain a substantial amount of 3- to 7-ring polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), induced sustained AhR activation in the AhR CALUX assay, and concentration-dependent developmental toxicity in both mEST and ZET. The other samples tested, representing highly refined petroleum substances and petroleum-derived waxes (containing typically a very low amount or no PACs at all), were negative in all assays applied, pointing to their inability to induce developmental toxicity in vitro. The refining processes applied during the production of highly refined petroleum products, such as solvent extraction and hydrotreatment which focus on the removal of undesired constituents, including 3- to 7-ring PACs, abolish the in vitro developmental toxicity. In conclusion, the obtained results support the hypothesis that 3- to 7-ring PACs are the primary inducers of the developmental toxicity induced by some (i.e., poorly refined) petroleum substances and that the observed effect is partially AhR-mediated.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Evaluating the in vitro developmental toxicity potency of a series of petroleum substance extracts using new approach methodologies (NAMs)

Fang,

Rietjens,

Carrillo

et al. 2023

Arch Toxicol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, the presence of a long alkyl side-chain is expected to reduce the formation of toxic intermediates: it has been recently shown that high alkylation on MOAH reduces the chance of formation of intermediate toxic and/or DNA-reactive metabolites, favouring the side-chain oxidation instead of ring oxidation. This was not observed for hazardous MOAH, that are non-alkylated or alkylated MOAH with three or more conjugated rings (Wang et al, 2020(Wang et al, , 2022bCarrillo et al, 2022). Shubik et al (1962) evaluated the carcinogenicity of five waxes (two paraffin and three microcrystalline waxes).…”

Section: Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity 18mentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety assessment of ‘waxes, paraffinic, refined, derived from petroleum‐based or synthetic hydrocarbon feedstock, low viscosity’ for use in food contact materials

Lambré¹,

Baviera²,

Bolognesi³

et al. 2023

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP Panel) assessed the safety of the ‘waxes, paraffinic, refined, derived from petroleum‐based or synthetic hydrocarbon feedstock, low viscosity’ (FCM No. 93), for which the uses were requested to be extended for articles in contact with fatty foods. Migration from low‐density polyethylene samples containing 1% w/w of a representative wax was tested in food simulants. In fatty food simulants, the migration of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) ≤ C35 was 142 mg/kg food, exceeding the overall migration limit for plastic FCM. Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) with at least two rings are largely removed during the manufacturing process. Based on various lines of evidence, the Panel concluded that any concern for the potential presence of MOAH with two or more conjugated aromatic rings can be ruled out. Based on the genotoxicity studies and on the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the substance does not raise a concern for genotoxicity. Available toxicokinetic data showed a limited accumulation of MOSH. No adverse effects were observed up to the highest tested dose of 9 g/kg body weight per day in a 90‐day repeated oral toxicity study in Sprague–Dawley rats. The available results showed that FCM No. 93 is devoid of endocrine activity. The provided information on chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity was limited and inadequate to reach conclusions on these endpoints. Therefore, the CEP Panel concluded that under the intended and tested conditions of uses, the substance does not raise safety concern for the consumer if used to a level ensuring that its migration into food is no more than 5 mg/kg.

show abstract

The role of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in mineral oil determination

2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Comparison of PAC and MOAH for understanding the carcinogenic and developmental toxicity potential of mineral oils

Cited by 14 publications

References 63 publications

Evaluating the in vitro developmental toxicity potency of a series of petroleum substance extracts using new approach methodologies (NAMs)

Evaluating the in vitro developmental toxicity potency of a series of petroleum substance extracts using new approach methodologies (NAMs)

Safety assessment of ‘waxes, paraffinic, refined, derived from petroleum‐based or synthetic hydrocarbon feedstock, low viscosity’ for use in food contact materials

The role of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in mineral oil determination

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About