Comparison of p16 with human papillomavirus with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral premalignant lesion

Abstract

Worldwide Oral carcinomas considerable problem. It is crucial to know the molecular incidences of molecular carcinogenesis, as it has a significant association with tobacco in Pakistani population. So, this study aimed to screen out the savage high risk of papilloma virus 16/18 and p16 in oral premalignant lesion and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, the p16 correlation between HPV and OPL and OSCC was also analyzed. Method: A total of 150 samples from the oral cavity were taken from the Hayatabad Medical complex (50 samples of OPL and 100 samples of OSCC).In this study we used immunohistochemistry to look for p16 in OPL and OSCC, and we used polymerase chain reaction to find HPV. SPSS 21 was used to input and evaluate the data. The relationship between HPVandp16withdifferentvariables was determined using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Results:For p16, 14% of 50 oral premalignant lesions were found positive and 86% were negative. Moreover, while screening for the OSCC, the 18 percent individuals were found positive for OSCC, while the remaining (82%) screened out negative. HPV was diagnosed in 6% of 50 OPL. The co-occurrence of HPV with p16 was found in all the 15 (100%) individual’s with a p value of 0.001. However, three of the 18 cases with p16 expression did not have HPV infection. Conclusion: The current research supports the use of p16 as a unique marker for human papilloma virus in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Furthermore, a chemical carcinogen like cigarettes is thought to be one of the main risk factors for p16 and HPV infection, as well as other things.

Covid as an immunosuppressive disease a Review

“…Patients with COVID19 often exhibit coagulation problems, organ failure, and coagulopathy, which are associated with higher mortality [18]. Important data were obtained from examinations of samples collected from COVID-19 patients upon admission and during their hospital stay for the prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), antithrombin activity (AT), fibrinogen, fibrin degradation product (FDP), and D-dimer .…”

“…Why respiratory symptoms are so widespread is explained by the disease's pathogenesis: In actuality, the virus is able to penetrate host cells thanks to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein, which is widely present in the lungs. However, endothelial cells also express ACE2 [12][13][14], and these cells also express other important clinical outcomes that are often seen in COVID-19 patients, including hypertension and thrombosis. The endothelium of the kidney, one of the major human organs, has been suggested as the virus' potential target (disease, pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular and neurologic diseases).…”

The correlation between human papillomavirus and oral lichen planus: A systematic review of the literature

“…13 HPV virus, specifically targets undifferentiated basal cells and proliferative mucosa. 19 Aberrant and continuous gene expression of E6 and E7 proteins in high-risk HPVs leads to genomic instability and the occurrence of mutations, which can cause malignant changes due to infection. 20 Low-risk genotypes, such as HPV-6/-11, can cause benign anogenital and cutaneous warts, while high-risk genotypes, including HPV-16/-18, play an important role in tumor progression.…”

“…The period of HPV infection depends on its subtype and related factors such as smoking, nutritional status, immune status, and hormonal effects 13 . HPV virus, specifically targets undifferentiated basal cells and proliferative mucosa 19 . Aberrant and continuous gene expression of E6 and E7 proteins in high‐risk HPVs leads to genomic instability and the occurrence of mutations, which can cause malignant changes due to infection 20 .…”