Comparison of nonspecific indications and quantitative methods for the assessment of insulin resistance in horses and ponies

Kronfeld, D. S.; Treiber, K. H.; Geor, Raymond J.

doi:10.2460/javma.2005.226.712

Cited by 78 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Oliviero et al (2008) reported elevated plasma cortisol levels for more than 1 day after parturition for sows housed in farrowing crates. These increased cortisol levels could explain the lowered insulin sensitivity of tissue at the beginning of lactation (Kronfeld et al, 2005). Although cortisol was not measured in this study, it could be a possible explanation for the observed lower glucose clearance in early lactation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Effect of N,N-dimethylglycine supplementation in parturition feed for sows on metabolism, nutrient digestibility and reproductive performance

Cools

Maes

Buyse

et al. 2010

Animal

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The current pilot study assessed the influence of N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) on insulin sensitivity, glucose and fat metabolism, nutrient digestibility and reproductive performance of sows in the peripartal period. At day 105 of gestation, 25 sows were randomly assigned to the control (n 5 13) or the DMG group (n 5 12). Sows from the DMG group were supplemented with 1 g DMG/kg feed until day 3 of lactation. After an overnight fast 1 day after farrowing, a blood sample of each sow was drawn. The plasma was analyzed for insulin, glucose, fructosamine, leptin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and triglycerides (TG) and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. A rectal feces sample was collected and the apparent fecal digestibility (AFD) of crude fat (CFAT), crude protein (CP) and nitrogenfree extract (NFE) was calculated after proximate analyses. Finally, a colostrum sample was collected from each sow and analyzed for the presence of DMG. Reproductive performance parameters were recorded. The results showed an improvement in the AFD of CFAT, CP and NFE when DMG was supplemented. This beneficial effect confirms the hypothesis that DMG acts as an emulsifying agent. The improvement in digestibility in the DMG group was accompanied by a numerical increase in plasma TG (P 5 0.067). Plasma NEFA concentrations were not different between treatment groups. DMG supplementation neither affected glucose clearance nor influenced plasma insulin, glucose, fructosamine or leptin levels. TBARS and FRAP also remained unaffected, despite previously reported anti-oxidative properties of DMG. Furthermore, no significant impact on reproductive performance could be recorded. In conclusion, DMG supplementation significantly improved nutrient digestibility. Possible beneficial effects on energy metabolism and reproductive performance of sows should be tested when DMG is supplemented for a longer period of time or at a higher dose.Keywords: sow, N,N-dimethylglycine, nutrient digestibility, glucose metabolism, reproduction ImplicationsThe supplementation of N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) in parturition feed of sows has an emulsifying effect. This resulted in improvements in not only fat digestibility, but also the digestibility of the protein and the nitrogen-free dietary fraction. However, measures of reproductive performance were not affected by DMG supplementation. The addition of this supplement to gestation and lactation feed should be investigated. Supplementation of DMG over a longer period of time can possibly be beneficial in terms of sow body condition and reproductive performance of sows.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Effect of N,N-dimethylglycine supplementation in parturition feed for sows on metabolism, nutrient digestibility and reproductive performance

Cools

Maes

Buyse

et al. 2010

Animal

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“…Anhand dieser Werte kann nun unter anderem die Insulinsensitivität berechnet werden (PrattPhillips et al 2015). Die Werte dieses Tests werden jedoch von der Magenentleerung und der Glukoseabsorption beeinflusst (Kronfeld et al 2005). So berichten einige Autoren von einer guten Korrelation des OGTT mit intravenösen Glukosetests, andere Autoren beschreiben jedoch starke Schwankungen der Insulinantwort (Pratt-Phillips et al 2015;Schuver et al 2014).…”

Section: Materials Und Methodenunclassified

Oral supplementation of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride in horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Winter¹,

Liertz²,

Merle³

et al. 2016

PHK

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Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a worldwide problem in human medicine as is the equine equivalent "Equine Metabolic Syndrome" (EMS). In humans, an inverse relationship between serum magnesium content and the incidence of diabetes mellitus type II has been shown. Humans with peripheral insulin resistance often show cellular magnesium deficits and multiple studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of dietary magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity. One study has evaluated the effects of magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity in laminitic horses and could not find differences. In this previous study, a different magnesium formulation (magnesium oxide) and dosage had been used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an oral supplementation with magnesium aspartate hydrochloride in horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome. The study was performed on five horses (four mares and one gelding) of different breeds, aged seven to 26 years with Equine Metabolic Syndrome based on the results of a CGIT (Combined Glucose Insulin Tolerance Test). In these horses body weight, Body Condition Score (BCS) and Cresty Neck Score (CNS) were assessed. The following blood parameters were measured in the serum: magnesium (Mg 2+ ), ACTH, fructosamine, reciprocal inverse square of insulin (RISQI) and modified insulin to glucose ratio (MIRG). Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and triglyzerides (TG) were measured in EDTA blood samples. All horses were supplemented with 30 mg/kg BW magnesium as magnesium aspartate hydrochloride for a time period of three month. Afterwards all blood parameters and the CGIT were repeated. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for non-normally distributed data. Statistical significance was set at 95 %. All horses had increased BCS and CNS ). The magnesium content in the serum, ACTH, GGT, TG and MIRG before supplementation were within the reference ranges in all horses. The fructosamine content was increased in horses one, four and five. RISQI was decreased in horse five. During the magnesium supplementation, no adverse effects were observed. There were no significant changes in body weight, BCS and CNS. There were also no significant changes regarding serum magnesium concentration, ACTH, RISQI and MIRG or GGT and TG. There was a tendency for decreased fructosamine concentration, which was also not statistically significant. In three of five horses the CGIT after magnesium supplementation was negative. These horses reached their glucose baseline levels after at least 45 minutes, while insulin (baseline and after 45 minutes) was within the reference ranges. The remaining two horses did not show significant differences compared to the beginning of the trial. It is concluded that the supplementation of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride in horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome can have positive effects on the insulin sensitivity. Further examinations with more horses are necessary.

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“…One horse with EMS had an unusually high cortisol concentration in May (10.2 mg/dL), which raised the mean Serum or plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones and glucose during different months of the year in control (healthy) or equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) horses. Monthly sample sizes for control horses were 3, 7, 7, 8, 1, 7, 2, 7, 7, 7, 3, and 7, and for EMS horses were 5,8,9,7,3,8,4,7,8,9, 2, and 8, from January to December, respectively. However, only months with 3 or more horses in a group were included in the statistical analyses and plotted here.…”

Section: Cortisolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 To that end, the present study sought to extend current understanding 1,3 by measuring ACTH concentrations in healthy horses for 12 consecutive months to determine more precisely, which months are associated with increased ACTH concentrations. Because tests other than for ACTH are often used to differentiate between ECD, EMS, and other endocrinopathic conditions, 4 we also monitored the concentrations of insulin, thyroxine (T4), cortisol, and glucose to determine if there is seasonal variation in these variables.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation in Serum Concentrations of Selected Metabolic Hormones in Horses

Place

McGowan

Lamb

et al. 2010

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

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Background: Determination of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration is a commonly used test in the evaluation of endocrine causes of equine laminitis, but the concentration in healthy horses can be high at certain times of year, which alters the specificity of the ACTH test.Objective: To determine if circulating concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, glucose, insulin, and thyroxine vary month to month in healthy horses and in horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).Animals: Nine healthy adult horses were studied on their farm/stable over the course of 1 year. After the diagnosis of EMS, 10 laminitic horses residing at the same farm/stable were also studied.Methods: Prospective study of healthy and laminitic horses. Plasma/serum samples were analyzed for concentrations of hormones and glucose.Results: ACTH was the only analyte to show a discrete seasonal pattern, with concentrations in healthy and EMS horses frequently outside of the reference range (9-35 pg/mL) in August through October. Insulin was elevated (440 mIU/mL) in EMS horses during most months and median serum glucose was generally higher in EMS horses (100 mg/dL, range, 76-163 mg/ dL) than in controls (94 mg/dL, range, 56-110 mg/dL), but no seasonal patterns for insulin or glucose were found.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: An increased ACTH concentration in horses in late summer or autumn should be interpreted with caution. In contrast, insulin concentration is maintained within the reference range throughout the year in healthy horses, thus an increased insulin concentration at any time of year should raise suspicions of EMS, ECD, or both.

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Comparison of nonspecific indications and quantitative methods for the assessment of insulin resistance in horses and ponies

Cited by 78 publications

References 43 publications

Effect of N,N-dimethylglycine supplementation in parturition feed for sows on metabolism, nutrient digestibility and reproductive performance

Effect of N,N-dimethylglycine supplementation in parturition feed for sows on metabolism, nutrient digestibility and reproductive performance

Oral supplementation of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride in horses with Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Seasonal Variation in Serum Concentrations of Selected Metabolic Hormones in Horses

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