Comparison of NAA XRF and ICP-OES Methods on Analysis of Heavy Metals in Coals and Combustion Residues

Abstract

Heavy metals in the samples of coals and combustion residues (bottom ash and fly ash) from Pacitan coal-fired power plant (CPP) have been identified by using NAA, XRF, and ICP-OES methods. This research was aimed to understand the analysis results correlation coefficient (R) and determine the enrichment ratio (ER

Comparison of non-destructive techniques and conventionally used spectrometric techniques for determination of elements in plant samples (coniferous leaves)

“…INAA has been previously applied in environmental studies (soils, sediments, biological samples), nevertheless, it is not a commonly used technique especially for the vegetal samples, and therefore it is worth to further explore its potential and limitations for plant analysis. [13][14][15][16] X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is another nondestructive technique that has also been used for plant material analysis. [17][18][19][20][21] XRF spectrometry provides the possibility of performing direct multielement analysis of solid samples with a wide dynamic range and low cost per measurement.…”

Desulphurisation of dibenzothiophene and 4,6–dimethyl dibenzothiophene via enhanced hydrogenation reaction route using RePd–TiO2/SiO2 aerogel catalysts: kinetic parameters estimation and modelling

“…Improvements in specific surface area [18,19], pore volume, homogenous formation of hetero-linkages and development of appropriate surface acid sites [16,17] was reported by using a sol-gel method whereas higher acidity in the sol-gel samples was attributed to higher density of hetero-linkages formed [18,19]. To overcome the problem of deteriorated textural properties caused by conventional drying methods (collapse of the formed gel structure and reduction of mesoporosity by the increasing fraction of micropores leading to decreased surface areas) [20,21], a supercritical drying method (SCD) can be applied to obtain aerogels [22][23][24]. SCD can be performed for solvent removal by solvent phase change to supercritical (SC) fluid, followed by solvent evacuation from the gel network by applying transition from supercritical fluid to gas.…”

“…SCD can be performed for solvent removal by solvent phase change to supercritical (SC) fluid, followed by solvent evacuation from the gel network by applying transition from supercritical fluid to gas. Aerogels produced by supercritical drying typically have high porosities (50-99 vol%), lower microporosity, higher surface areas and can yield highly porous amorphous mixed oxide aerogels [22][23][24]. Besides advantageous textural properties, the choice of active phase is equally important in order to design a highly active catalyst for "deep HDS".…”

“…Kinetic modelling of HDS reactions has been carried out by several researchers [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood, also well known as the Hougen−Watson mechanism, has been reported to suitably describe the HDS reactions [20][21][22]. Hougen−Watson rate equations for hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation of dibenzothiophenes to bicyclohexyl through several steps, were developed by Froment and co-workers [36][37][38].…”