Comparison of Muscle Force Production Using the Smith Machine and Free Weights for Bench Press and Squat Exercises

Cotterman, Michael L.; Darby, Lynn A.; Skelly, William A.

doi:10.1519/14433.1

Cited by 58 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…The GYM displacement data were time-stamped with a 1 millisecond resolution and then down-sampled to 50 Hz for analysis using a customized software programme. The sampled data were not fi ltered [9] . Instantaneous bar velocity was calculated for each time interval as bar displacement over change in time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Linear transducers use a tethered cord (attached to a person or equipment) to extract time-displacement data and from this, movement velocities and subsequent accelerations are calculated. Through the process of diff erentiation, this kinematic data can be used to estimate forces and power when the mass of the load and / or subject moved are factored in [8,9] . Some commercially available linear transducers can also off er additional features such as real-time feedback, wire-r = 0.66 -0.97), respectively.…”

Section: Introduction ▼mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validating Two Systems for Estimating Force and Power

et al. 2011

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This study examined the validity of 2 kinematic systems for estimating force and power during squat jumps. 12 weight-trained males each performed single repetition squat jumps with a 20-kg, 40-kg, 60-kg and 80-kg load on a Kistler portable force plate. A commercial linear position transducer (Gymaware [GYM]) and accelerometer (Myotest® [MYO]) were attached to the bar to assess concentric peak force (PF) and peak power (PP). Across all loads tested, the GYM and MYO estimates of PF and PP were moderately to strongly correlated ( P≤0.05-0.001) with the force plate measurements ( R=0.59-0.87 and R=0.66-0.97), respectively. The mean PF and PP values were not significantly different between the 2 kinematic systems and the force plate, but the estimates did produce some systematic bias and relatively large random errors, especially with the 20-kg load (PF bias >170 N, PF error >335 N, PP bias >400 W, PP error >878 W). Some proportional bias was also identified. In summary, the estimation of PF and PP by a linear position transducer and accelerometer showed moderate to strong relative validity and equivalent absolute validity, but these estimates are limited by the presence of bias and large random errors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction ▼mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validating Two Systems for Estimating Force and Power

et al. 2011

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“…Measures were taken during single repetitions of concentric back-squats with increasing loads. This test was carried out on a Smith machine (Pivot680L; Pivot Fitness, Tianjin, China) to eliminate the stretch-shortening cycle and reduce the technical demands [16]. The barbell height was adjusted so each participant started from a 90 ° knee angle.…”

Section: Age (Years)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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2020

Sports Med Int Open

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The aim of this study was to examine the effects of overspeed or overload plyometric training on jump height and lifting velocity in resistance trained females without plyometric training experience. Fifty-six participants (age: 21.2 ± 1.7 years; body mass: 65.1 ± 8.2 kg; height: 168.0 ± 5.9 cm) were randomly allocated to either an overspeed (n = 18), overload (n = 18), or passive control (n = 16) group. The two training groups completed 18.7 ± 1.7 sessions consisting of three different plyometric exercises with overspeed or overload over eight weeks. Apart from the external loading, the two training modalities were identical. Following the training period, the changes in the recorded variables were not significantly different from those in the control group, nor did the training groups differ from each other. The training groups improved peak and average lifting velocity in the 40 and 60 % of body mass loading conditions (9.50-33.37 %, p = < 0.001-0.038), whereas only the average lifting velocity improved in the 80 % of body mass loading condition (OS: 14.47 %, p < 0.001 and OL: 23.13 %, p < 0.001). No significant changes occurred in the control group (9.18-13.55 %, P = 0.062-0.980). Overspeed and overload plyometric training may be viable methods for improving lifting velocity, but not squat jump height, in a population without plyometric training experience.

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“…Therefore, the Smith squat offers a wider range of exercise positions than the free squat and concurrently a wider range of possibilities for modulating the distribution of muscle activity and joint loads [8]. For the Smith squat, several researchers have focused on testing issues, including muscle force, peak lifting velocity, maximum power [9,10,11], various training effects on other sports [12,13,14], and joint torques and loads [2,15]. Two-dimensional (2D) biomechanical models for the Smith squat have been developed to evaluate knee and hip torques at various foot positions [2,15] and tibiofemoral joint loads as a function of external load, trunk tilt, and body configuration [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3D Human-Machine Integrated Design and Analysis Framework for Squat Exercises with a Smith Machine

Lee

Jung

Lee

2017

Sensors

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Abstract:In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional design and evaluation framework and process based on a probabilistic-based motion synthesis algorithm and biomechanical analysis system for the design of the Smith machine and squat training programs. Moreover, we implemented a prototype system to validate the proposed framework. The framework consists of an integrated human-machine-environment model as well as a squat motion synthesis system and biomechanical analysis system. In the design and evaluation process, we created an integrated model in which interactions between a human body and machine or the ground are modeled as joints with constraints at contact points. Next, we generated Smith squat motion using the motion synthesis program based on a Gaussian process regression algorithm with a set of given values for independent variables. Then, using the biomechanical analysis system, we simulated joint moments and muscle activities from the input of the integrated model and squat motion. We validated the model and algorithm through physical experiments measuring the electromyography (EMG) signals, ground forces, and squat motions as well as through a biomechanical simulation of muscle forces. The proposed approach enables the incorporation of biomechanics in the design process and reduces the need for physical experiments and prototypes in the development of training programs and new Smith machines.

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Comparison of Muscle Force Production Using the Smith Machine and Free Weights for Bench Press and Squat Exercises

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Validating Two Systems for Estimating Force and Power

Validating Two Systems for Estimating Force and Power

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A 3D Human-Machine Integrated Design and Analysis Framework for Squat Exercises with a Smith Machine

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