“…Synthesis of NDs could be achieved using different techniques such as high pressure/high temperature, ultrasonic synthesis, grinding, and detonation. , The particle size, shape, and surface structure of the NDs are highly affected by their synthesis method. For instance, the NDs resulting from the detonation process are smaller, have higher surface area, and higher impurity content, while the grinding technique generates larger particles with broad particle size distribution, higher purity, and flat surfaces. , The most widely used ND synthesis technique, however, is detonation, producing NDs with a narrow size range of around 4–5 nm. However, individual NDs tend to form aggregates or clusters together to minimize the surface energy which in turn increases their aggregate size …”