Background
Approximately 20% of women select autologous tissue for postmastectomy breast reconstruction, and most commonly choose the abdomen as the donor site. An increasing proportion of women are seeking muscle-sparing procedures but the benefit remains controversial. It is therefore important to determine whether better outcomes are associated with these techniques, thereby justifying longer operative times and increased costs.
Methods
Patients from five North American centers were eligible if they had reconstruction using the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap (DIEP), muscle sparing free transverse abdominis myocutaneous flap (msf-TRAM), free transverse abdominis myocutaneous flap (f-TRAM), or the pedicled transverse abdominis myocutaneous flap (p-TRAM) with minimum one-year follow-up. Patients were sent the BREAST-Q©. Demographics and complications were collected by chart review.
Results
We analyzed 1790 charts representing 670 DIEP, 293 msf-TRAM, 683 p-TRAM, and 144 f-TRAM patients with average follow up of 5.5 years. Flap loss did not differ by flap type. Partial flap loss was higher in p-TRAM compared to DIEP (p=0.002). Fat necrosis was higher in p-TRAM compared to DIEP and msf-TRAM (p<0.001). Hernia/bulge was highest in p-TRAM (p<0.001). Physical Well-Being (Abdomen) scores were higher in DIEP compared to p-TRAM controlling for age, follow-up, BMI, laterality, abdominal surgery, mesh, radiation, income, and education.
Conclusions
Complications and patient-reported outcomes differ when comparing abdominally-based breast reconstruction techniques. The results of this study show that the DIEP was associated with the highest abdominal well-being and the lowest abdominal morbidity when compared to the p-TRAM, but did not differ from msf-TRAM and f-TRAM.