Comparison of microplastic abundance in aquaculture ponds of milkfish Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775) at Muara Kamal and Marunda, Jakarta Bay

Abstract

Jakarta contributes to 12% of the plastic pollution in Indonesian waters. Most of the plastic trash is mismanaged and end up accumulating in river mouths located along Jakarta Bay. This research analyzed the abundance and types of microplastic in milkfish Chanos chanos, surface water, and sediment of milkfish aquaculture ponds in Muara Kamal and Marunda, Jakarta Bay. Samples of each subject were obtained from each location. Digestive tracts extracted from milkfish were destructed with strong nitric acid. Water samples were filtered while sediment samples were dried. Concentrated NaCl solution was used to achieve microplastic flotation. Counting of particles was done under a light microscope. Overall results from Muara Kamal showed the microplastic abundance was 9.58±3.3 particles g−1 in milkfish digestive tracts, 103.8±20.7 particles L−1 in water, and 111,680±13,204 particles kg−1 in sediments. Microplastic abundance was found lower in samples from Marunda with 8.80±2.7 particles g−1 in milkfish digestive tracts, 90.7±17.4 particles L−1 in water, and 82,480±11,226 particles kg−1 in sediments. These results were consistent with the water pollution levels obtained by the Living Environment Agency DKI Jakarta that states heavier pollution by Pollution Index in Muara Kamal drain than in Marunda drain.

The Occurrence of Microplastics and the Formation of Biofilms by Pathogenic and Opportunistic Bacteria as Threats in Aquaculture

“…The pace of plastic accumulation in living organisms varies greatly and depends on the presence of city agglomerations, sewage treatment plants, type of reservoir, development of shores and hydrodynamics. Finally, bacterial biofilms covering plastic particles can increase the risk of the occurrence of farmed animals' diseases, thus negatively influencing food production [13,16,[21][22][23].…”

Microplastics in Food: A Review on Analytical Methods and Challenges

“…For large fish, the stomach and/or gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was isolated and digested to detect microplastics [ 9 , 25 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ]. Unlike the digestion method used for sea salts, various chemicals were used to decompose organic materials, including potassium hydroxide (KOH) [ 9 , 22 , 23 , 38 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 62 , 64 , 71 , 74 , …”

“…Raman spectroscopy was also applied [ 59 , 62 ] due to its enhanced performance with smaller particles [ 100 ]. Visual inspection under a microscope with or without staining was less popular, most likely because of the complexity of the sample matrices and the potential for false-positive identification [ 43 , 49 , 60 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 72 ]. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to identify smaller microplastic particles [ 22 , 38 ].…”

“…Microplastics were rarely found in edible tissues, such as muscle [ 9 , 22 , 59 , 64 , 71 ], but they were predominantly found in digestive tracts [ 9 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ]. Because it is unclear how microplastics are transported to edible tissues, human exposure to microplastics due to the consumption of edible fish tissue requires further evaluation.…”

Potential of Recycle Marine Debris in Pluit Emplacement, Jakarta to Achieve Sustainable Reduction of Marine Waste Generation

“…The large number of watersheds that reach 13 major rivers [1] is undoubtedly a source of distribution for the generation of marine debris. DKI Jakarta in 2019 has produced 7702 tons/day of solid waste [2].…”