Comparison of Mass Spectrometry-Based Electronic Nose and Solid Phase MicroExtraction Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry Technique to Assess Infant Formula Oxidation

Abstract

Two headspace techniques based on mass spectrometry detection (MS), electronic nose, and solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) were evaluated for their ability to differentiate various infant formula powders based on changes of their volatiles upon storage. The electronic nose gave unresolved MS fingerprints of the samples gas phases that were further submitted to principal component analysis (PCA). Such direct MS recording combined to multivariate treatment enabled a rapid differentiation of the infant formulas over a 4 week storage test. Although MS-based electronic nose advantages are its easy-to-use aspect and its meaningful data interpretation obtained with a high throughput (100 samples per 24 h), its greatest disadvantage is that the present compounds could not be identified and quantified. For these reasons, a SPME-GC/MS measurement was also investigated. This technique allowed the identification of saturated aldehydes as the main volatiles present in the headspace of infant milk powders. An isotope dilution assay was further developed to quantitate hexanal as a potential indicator of infant milk powder oxidation. Thus, hexanal content was found to vary from roughly 500 and 3500 microg/kg for relatively non-oxidized and oxidized infant formulas, respectively.

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“…In meat animals performance may be reduced and animal growth Eaton et al, 1998Eaton et al, 1998Massarenti et al, 2004Fenaille et al, 2003Sangvanich et al, 2003Fenaille et al, 2003Doorn and Petersen, 2003Fenaille et al, 2004Aldini et al, 2006Poggioli et al, 2004 and feed transformation effi cacy may be aff ected (Aurousseau, 2002).…”

Sensor systems for the Altair Lunar Lander:

“…Meyyappan and co-workers, using principal component analysis, have created nanotube-based sensors 79,80 and some are currently incorporated into the JPL electronic nose and serving on the ISS. A mass-spectrometer-based eNose has been compared with solid-phase microextraction/GC/MS to characterize volatiles above infant formula 84 , with the statement The term "electronic nose" has been used to describe these instruments because the sensors detect volatiles in a sample and attempt to discriminate among samples based on their "aroma" profile. Nevertheless, no combination of sensors today available has the selective sensitivity or discriminating power of the human nose.…”

Antioxidant Effect of some Plant Extracts as Compared with BHA/BHT on Lipid Oxidation and some Quality Properties of Fresh Beef Burgers Stored at 4°C

“…Lipid oxidation can have negative effects on the quality of meat and meat products causing changes in sensory attributes (colour, texture and flavour) and nutritional quality (Fenaille et al, 2003;Goodridge et al, 2003;Ripoll et al, 2011;Trefan et al, 2011 andVaithiyanathan et al, 2011). One method to reduce lipid oxidation is the application of antioxidants.…”