Comparison of long-period tilt measurements: results from the two clinometric stations Metsähovi and Lohja, Finland

Loading effects in Metsähovi from the atmosphere and the Baltic Sea

“…The crustal tilt at Metsähovi, caused by loading of Baltic Sea is comparable in size to tidal tilts (Weise et al, 1999). We conclude that the loading effect of the Baltic Sea should be taken into account in the analyses, together with tilt caused by air pressure.…”

Monitoring fluid induced deformation of the earth's crust: A large scale experiment at the KTB location/Germany

“…caused by pore pressure variations. This was proven by Kümpel (1989) in small scale experiments with the injection source and tiltmeter being about 100 m apart in sediments and by Weise (1992) and Weise et al (1999) in crystalline rocks. Fujimori et al (2001) provided borehole strain measurements at a depth of several 100 m in the vicinity of a fault where water was injected.…”

“…Weise et al (1999) have demonstrated that very small tilt signals (≤0.1 ms) can be resolved by plotting the tilt of the X-and Y-components as a trace of the pendulum tip above ground. To provide stable conditions for the instruments, the installation is carried out in vertically drilled boreholes.…”

Natural and man-made induced hydrological signals, detected by high resolution tilt observations at the Geodynamic Observatory Moxa/Germany

“…Especially pore pressure changes cause disturbances, which has been shown for installations in sediments by Kümpel (1989) and in solid rocks by Weise et al (1999).…”