Comparison of lead residues among avian bones

Ethier, A.L.M.; Braune, Birgit M.; Scheuhammer, Anton M.; Bond, Della E.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.001

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…From bones (humerus, femur, sternum) adherent tissue was removed with a stainless steel scalpel, the bones dried in an oven for 4 h to constant weight, and on average 250 mg was analysed in duplicates. A previous study (Ethier et al 2007) demonstrated that these and other bones accumulate lead to the same levels.…”

Section: Sample Digestion and Extractionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…By replacement of calcium ions, this heavy metal is then slowly transferred into the bones, which ultimately contain >90% of the overall body burden. Whereas lead in liver and kidney has a turnover rate of weeks to months, bones constitute a long-term depot (Ethier et al 2007, Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez et al 2011. As a consequence, lead levels in blood are measured for the diagnosis of poisoning in living birds, whereas analyses of liver and kidney are used for the post-mortem confirmation (see table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentrations of lead in the bones of raptors are usually not directly related to current episodes of exposure (Ethier et al 2007, Gangoso et al 2009, but can increase rapidly after lead ingestion (Sanderson and Bellrose 1986). Concentrations >10 μg g −1 in bone tissue are considered to be elevated and concentrations >20 μg g −1 are often observed after lethal poisoning (Mateo et al 2003, Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez et al 2011.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Excessive lead burden among golden eagles in the Swiss Alps

Madry

Kræmer

Kupper

et al. 2015

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Fragments from lead ammunition pose a poisoning risk for predators like golden eagles that scavenge on non-retrieved carcasses or offal left behind by hunters. Three golden eagles were found in the Swiss Alps with an acute lead poisoning. To investigate whether the few cases of lead-poisoned golden eagles are exceptional events or whether a substantial proportion of the Alpine golden eagle population is affected by lead at sublethal levels, we measured body burdens in golden eagles from Switzerland in comparison to eagle owls from the same area and to their respective prey. These two raptor species differ in their food as eagle owls feed on live-caught prey. Lead levels in soft tissues were significantly higher in golden eagles (median 1.14 μg g −1 dry weight in liver, 0.99 μg g −1 in kidney) than in eagle owls (0.14 and 0.23 μg g −1 ). Bones of golden eagles contained 10 times more lead (median of 12.45 μg g −1 dry weight) than owl bones (1.28 μg g −1 ), which represent substantially higher levels than previously reported for golden eagles. Bones of prey of both golden eagles and eagle owls had low lead concentrations. In order to investigate whether the sublethal lead of golden eagles originates from ammunition or from generic environmental contamination, we examined lead isotope ratios. Lead isotope signatures of golden eagle bones were very similar to those of ammunition, but differed from the signatures of bones of their prey, eagle owls and soil. Isotope signatures did not change with increasing bone lead concentration in golden eagles or any other group examined. These findings indicate that in the Alps, most golden eagles take up lead from spent ammunition in carcasses or their offal in sublethal quantities throughout their life and a few in lethal quantities leading to acute lead poisoning.

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Section: Sample Digestion and Extractionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Excessive lead burden among golden eagles in the Swiss Alps

Madry

Kræmer

Kupper

et al. 2015

Environ. Res. Lett.

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“…Tulang telah diketahui sebagai organ yang berfungsi sebagai tempat akumulasi utama (90%) Pb pada berbagai hewan termasuk unggas (Burger dan Gochfeld, 2000). Tulang yang terdiri atas tulang keras (compact bone), tulang berpori (spongeous bone), dan tulang rawan (cartilage) pada unggas dilaporkan mengandung Pb (Ethier et al, 2007). Meskipun tulang keras dikategorikan sebagai bagian tubuh yang tidak untuk dikonsumsi (non-edible food), makanan olahan dari tulang keras seperti kaldu ayam yang dibuat dari rebusan tulang dan mengandung Pb (Monro et al, 2013) serta bagian tulang rawan dalam cakar ayam kampung yang mengandung Pb (Djohan dan Tabbu, 2010) dikonsumsi oleh sebagian anggota masyarakat.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

"Akumulasi Timah Hitam dalam Daging dan Tulang Ayam Kampung dan Ayam Negeri (LEAD ACCUMULATION IN MEAT AND BONES OF DOMESTIC AND BROILER CHICKEN)"

Djohan

Tabbu²

2015

jveteriner

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Timah hitam atau timbal (Pb) adalah salah satu logam berat yang mencemari lingkungan, terakumulasi dan menyebabkan neurotoksik dan nefrotoksik pada hewan dan manusia. Daging ayam merupakan salah satu bahan pangan hewani yang dapat menjadi sumber pemaparan Pb pada manusia. Pemaparan Pb pada manusia melalui konsumsi ayam dapat diperkirakan dengan mengetahui konsentrasi dan akumulasi Pb pada bagian tubuh ayam serta pola konsumsi bagian dan jaringan tubuh ayam. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur konsentrasi Pb pada jaringan tubuh ayam serta memperkirakan pemaparan Pb pada manusia melalui konsumsi bagian (dada, paha, sayap) dan jaringan tubuh ayam (daging, kulit, tulang rawan, dan tulang pori). Sampel diekstraksi dengan menggunakan aqua regia digestible method yang terdiri atas campuran HCl: HNO 3 (3:1; v/v) dan konsentrasi Pb diukur menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom. Konsentrasi Pb dalam jaringan tubuh ayam ditemukan bervariasi dari kadar kurang dari 0,01 hingga 1,81µg.g-1 bobot kering. Semua bagian dan jaringan tubuh ayam yang dikonsumsi termasuk daging memiliki rataan konsentrasi lebih rendah dari baku mutu konsentrasi Pb dalam daging unggas yang aman untuk dikonsumsi (1,0 µg.g-1), kecuali pada tulang rawan dada ayam kampung (1,03µg.g-1). Akumulasi Pb terendah sebesar 2,6 µg terdapat dalam daging sayap ayam kampung dan akumulasi tertinggi sebesar 32,9 µg terdapat dalam dada ayam negeri (total daging, kulit, dan tulang rawan). Berdasarkan data akumulasi Pb pada jaringan tubuh ayam, telah ditentukan persamaan polinomial ordo dua untuk hubungan probabilitas (P) dengan akumulasi Pb (A, dalam µg) di jaringan tubuh ayam yaitu P =-(1 x 10-3) A 2 + (6,4 x 10-2) A.

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“…In avian species, the majority of ingested lead is eventually deposited in bone after it enters the body (Hoppin et al 2000, Sheuhammer et al 1999. Before the deposition of lead in bone, it can exist for weeks in kidney and liver (Ethier et al 2007). The pathways for lead to exit the avian body are through defecating, regurgitating, and feather growth.…”

Section: Physiology and Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead exposure of North American raptors

Slabe¹

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Lead is an anthropogenic threat to terrestrial wildlife, has no physiological benefits, and is considered a neurotoxin. Legislation adopted in many developed countries restricts the uses of lead in consumer and industrial products such as pipe fittings, petrol, paint, and shot for use in waterfowl hunting. However, lead is currently categorized by the United States (US) government as a critical metal and common uses of lead still persist in North America. These include the use of rifle ammunition, shot in upland gamebird hunting, and fishing sinkers. Lead is also a byproduct of multiple industrial operations including smelters, coal power plants, oil refineries, and battery production facilities. As a consequence, there is regular deposition of potentially toxic amounts of lead in the environment. Anthropogenic lead influences the ecology and demography of multiple wildlife taxa, including a large number of avian species. Elevated lead concentrations are documented in avian scavengers as a result of ingesting lead fragments from hunter harvested animal carcasses. However, multiple forms of lead deposition exist in eastern North America, making the region ideal to study the pathways of lead exposure in wildlife. I documented the sources and pathways of lead exposure of raptors by studying novel species, seasons, regions and spatial scales. During the breeding season in the Chesapeake region of Maryland and Virginia, I found differences in blood lead concentrations among age groups of bald eagles but no difference between age groups of osprey. In the central Appalachians, I found that territorial red-shouldered hawks had higher blood lead concentrations in urban settings when compared to non-urban settings during the breeding season. I found that a community of facultative avian scavengers in eastern North America exhibited higher blood and liver lead concentrations during the fall and winter months compared to the spring and summer months when they scavenge to a lesser degree. On a nationwide scale, I found that 47% of bald eagles and 46% of golden eagles had femur lead concentrations above the threshold commonly accepted to indicate clinical lead poisoning. This work will provide information useful to the management of lead-influenced wildlife and identify potential opportunities for mitigation of environmental lead exposure and, using wildlife as sentinel species, help to understand potential human health hazards of lead exposure. v TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Comparison of lead residues among avian bones

Cited by 21 publications

References 23 publications

Excessive lead burden among golden eagles in the Swiss Alps

Excessive lead burden among golden eagles in the Swiss Alps

"Akumulasi Timah Hitam dalam Daging dan Tulang Ayam Kampung dan Ayam Negeri (LEAD ACCUMULATION IN MEAT AND BONES OF DOMESTIC AND BROILER CHICKEN)"

Lead exposure of North American raptors

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