Comparison of ionic and carbonaceous compositions of PM2.5 in 2009 and 2012 in Shanghai, China

Zhao, Mengfei; Qiao, Ting; Huang, Zhongsi; Zhu, Mengya; Xu, Wei; Xiu, Guangli; Tao, Jun; Lee, Shuncheng

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.100

Cited by 53 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In the study, the average ratios were 1.31 and 1.70 on haze and non-haze days, respectively, different from some previous studies in Shanghai (Zhao et al, 2015a). It was suggested that the compositions of SIA had changed, especially sulfate and nitrate decreased significantly due to some efforts to control the gaseous precursor emissions such as SO 2 and NO 2 .…”

Section: Secondary Inorganic Aerosolscontrasting

confidence: 85%

Characteristics of Haze Pollution Episodes and Analysis of a Typical Winter Haze Process in Shanghai

Zhao

Xiu

Qiao

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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One-year field campaign was conducted from July 2013 to August 2014 at the site of East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) in urban Shanghai, and mass concentrations and chemical compositions of PM 2.5 were measured. Gaseous pollutants (SO 2 , NO 2 ) and meteorological parameters (wind speed, wind direction, pressure, temperature and relative humidity) were simultaneously obtained. In this study, PM 2.5 mass balances on haze and non-haze days were reconstructed and the sum of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) and organic matter (OM) accounted for over 80%. The fraction of nitrate in SIA was much higher on haze days than that on non-haze days, while the corresponding fraction of ammonium was lower, implying that the variations of the sources and formation processes of SIA on haze days. In theory, sulfate and nitrate might be almost fully neutralized by ammonium. Moreover, the sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) values were much higher than the nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) values, indicating the greater oxidation capacity of SO 2 would occur. On haze days, the high NOR values could be explained by the relatively low temperature, the high NO 2 concentration and the potential dominant gas-phase reaction. As for secondary organic aerosol (SOA), the formation processes were usually associated with nitrate formation. In winter, haze pollution episodes occurred more frequently than those in other seasons, associated with the different features of wind speed, wind direction and 72-h backward trajectory. In addition, one case from 17 November 2013 to 4 January 2014 was selected to investigate the formation mechanism of haze pollution episodes. The key factors that affected the haze formation might be the local stable synoptic conditions including weak surface wind, surface temperature inversion and high relative humidity, the long-range transportations from the Northwest and the large amounts of emissions from local sources.

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Section: Secondary Inorganic Aerosolscontrasting

confidence: 85%

Characteristics of Haze Pollution Episodes and Analysis of a Typical Winter Haze Process in Shanghai

Zhao

Xiu

Qiao

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…The impact of local pollution controls in Beijing has likely been offset by regional pollutant transport . In Shanghai, PM 2.5 in 2003-2006 (94 µg m −3 ) (Feng et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2006) and 2009 (94 µg m −3 ) was nearly 50 % higher than earlier years (e.g., 65 µg m −3 in 1999-2000) (Ye et al, 2003); although it decreased slightly to 58 µg m −3 in 2011-2013 (Wang et al, 2016b;Zhao et al, 2015b), it increased rapidly back to (Tao et al, 2014c) were kept at stable levels and then decreased to 48 µg m −3 in 2014 (Tao et al, 2017).…”

Section: Interannual Variationsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…In YRD, the highest seasonal average PM 2.5 concentrations were also observed in winter and the lowest in summer with seasonal variations up to factors of 2.3, 1.9 and 2.0 in Nanjing (Li et al, , 2016aShen et al, 2014;Yang et al, 2005b), Shanghai (Cao et al, 2012bFeng et al, 2009Feng et al, , 2012aHou et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2014a, b;Ming et al, 2017;Pathak et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2006Wang et al, , 2016bYe et al, 2003;Zhao et al, 2015b) and Hangzhou (Cao et al, 2012b;Liu et al, 2015), respectively. In PRD, most urban site PM 2.5 studies were also accompanied with rural site studies (Andreae et al, 2008;Cao et al, 2004Cao et al, , 2012bCui et al, 2015;Duan et al, 2007;Fu et al, 2014;Ho et al, 2006a;Huang et al, 2007Huang et al, , 2014bJahn et al, 2013;Jung et al, 2009;Lai et al, 2007Lai et al, , 2016Liu et al, 2014a;Louie et al, 2005a;Tan et al, 2009Tan et al, , 2016cTao et al, 2009Tao et al, , 2014cTao et al, , 2017Yang et al, 2011b).…”

Section: Seasonal Patternsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Regional annual mean PM 2.5 was 115 ± 29, 96 ± 28, 50 ± 16 and 100 ± 35 µg m −3 in BTH (Y. Duan et al, 2006;He et al, 2001Song et al, 2006a;Tian et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2005;Yang et al, 2011a, b;Zhang et al, 2013a;Zhao et al, 2013c;Zhou et al, 2015a;Zíková et al, 2016), YRD (Feng et al, 2009;Li et al, 2015aLi et al, , 2016aLiu et al, 2015;Ming et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2006Wang et al, , 2016bYe et al, 2003;Zhao et al, 2015b), PRD (Hagler et al, 2006;Huang et al, 2013;Louie et al, 2005a;Tao et al, 2014cTao et al, , 2017 and Sichuan Basin (Y. Tao et al, 2013aTao et al, , 2014aWang et al, 2017a;Yang et al, 2011b), respectively, which was 3 to 6 times, 2 to 3 times, 1 to 2 times and 3 to 6 times NAAQS, respectively.…”

Section: Geographical Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of current knowledge concerning PM<sub>2. 5</sub> chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

et al. 2017

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Abstract. To obtain a thorough knowledge of PM 2.5 chemical composition and its impact on aerosol optical properties across China, existing field studies conducted after the year 2000 are reviewed and summarized in terms of geographical, interannual and seasonal distributions. Annual PM 2.5 was up to 6 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in some megacities in northern China. Annual PM 2.5 was higher in northern than southern cities, and higher in inland than coastal cities. In a few cities with data longer than a decade, PM 2.5 showed a slight decrease only in the second half of the past decade, while carbonaceous aerosols decreased, sulfate (SO 2− 4 ) and ammonium (NH + 4 ) remained at high levels, and nitrate (NO − 3 ) increased. The highest seasonal averages of PM 2.5 and its major chemical components were typically observed in the cold seasons. Annual average contributions of secondary inorganic aerosols to PM 2.5 ranged from 25 to 48 %, and those of carbonaceous aerosols ranged from 23 to 47 %, both with higher contributions in southern regions due to the frequent dust events in northern China. Source apportionment analysis identified secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion and traffic emission as the top three source factors contributing to PM 2.5 mass in most Chinese cities, and the sum of these three source factors explained 44 to 82 % of PM 2.5 mass on annual average across China. Biomass emission in most cities, industrial emission in industrial cities, dust emission in northern cities and ship emission in coastal cities are other major source factors, each of which contributed 7-27 % to PM 2.5 mass in applicable cities.The geographical pattern of scattering coefficient (b sp ) was similar to that of PM 2.5 , and that of aerosol absorption coefficient (b ap ) was determined by elemental carbon (EC) mass concentration and its coating. b sp in ambient condition of relative humidity (RH) = 80 % can be amplified by about 1.8 times that under dry conditions. Secondary inorganic aerosols accounted for about 60 % of aerosol extinction coefficient (b ext ) at RH greater than 70 %. The mass scattering efficiency (MSE) of PM 2.5 ranged from 3.0 to 5.0 m 2 g −1 for aerosols produced from anthropogenic emissions and from 0.7 to 1.0 m 2 g −1 for natural dust aerosols. The mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of EC ranged from 6.5 to 12.4 m 2 g −1 in urban environments, but the MAE of water-soluble organic carbon was only 0.05 to 0.11 m 2 g −1 . Historical emission control policies in China and their effectiveness were discussed based on available chemically resolved PM 2.5 data, which provides the much needed knowledge for guiding future studies and emissions policies.

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“…It has a high population density, dense urban industrial areas, intensive human and industrial activity, and high pollution discharge levels, so the values of AOD here are relatively high -especially in areas surrounding Shanghai, where they reached 1.2 in 2013. For example, in Shanghai, one of the most important urban areas in China, the annual average concentration of PM 2.5 was around 62 μg/m 3 in 2013 [38], and there were 445 haze days from 2008 to 2010, accounting for 41% of all natural days [39]. On the other hand, the southern areas are mostly mountainous, with the land surface covered mainly with forest and grassland.…”

Section: Spatial Distribution Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Space-Time Pattern on Haze Polluttion and Associated Health Losses in the Yangtze River Delta of China

Zhao

Wang

2017

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Comparison of ionic and carbonaceous compositions of PM2.5 in 2009 and 2012 in Shanghai, China

Cited by 53 publications

References 56 publications

Characteristics of Haze Pollution Episodes and Analysis of a Typical Winter Haze Process in Shanghai

Characteristics of Haze Pollution Episodes and Analysis of a Typical Winter Haze Process in Shanghai

A review of current knowledge concerning PM<sub>2. 5</sub> chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

Evaluation of Space-Time Pattern on Haze Polluttion and Associated Health Losses in the Yangtze River Delta of China

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Comparison of ionic and carbonaceous compositions of PM2.5 in 2009 and 2012 in Shanghai, China

Cited by 53 publications

References 56 publications

Characteristics of Haze Pollution Episodes and Analysis of a Typical Winter Haze Process in Shanghai

Characteristics of Haze Pollution Episodes and Analysis of a Typical Winter Haze Process in Shanghai

A review of current knowledge concerning PM&lt;sub&gt;2. 5&lt;/sub&gt; chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

Evaluation of Space-Time Pattern on Haze Polluttion and Associated Health Losses in the Yangtze River Delta of China

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A review of current knowledge concerning PM<sub>2. 5</sub> chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China