Comparison of intermittent and continuous exposures to inorganic mercury in the mussel, Mytilus edulis: Accumulation and sub-lethal physiological effects

Abstract

Aquatic organisms are often subject to intermittent exposure to pollutants in real ecosystems. This study aimed to compare mercury accumulation and the physiological responses of mussels, Mytilus edulis during continuous and intermittent exposure to the metal. Mussels were treated in a semi-static, triplicated design to either a control (no added Hg) or 50 µg l(-1) Hg as HgCl2 in continuous (daily) or intermittent (2 day exposure, 2 days in clean seawater alternately) exposure for 14 days. A time-dependent increase in Hg accumulation was observed in the continuous exposure, while the intermittent treatment showed step-wise changes in Hg concentrations with the exposure profile, especially in the gills. At the end of the experiment, tissue Hg concentrations were significantly increased in the continuous compared to the intermittent exposure for digestive gland (4 fold), gonad and remaining soft tissue (>2 fold), but not for the gill and adductor muscle. There was no observed oxidative damage at the end of the experiment as measured by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations in tissues from all treatments. However, total glutathione was significantly decreased in the gill and digestive gland of both the continuous and intermittent exposure by the end of the experiment. The neutral red retention ability of the haemocytes was not affected, but total haemocyte counts were significantly decreased (<2 fold) in the intermittent compared to the continuous exposure. Histopathological examinations showed less pathology in the gill, but more inflammation in the digestive gland of mussels for the intermittent compared to the continuous exposure. Overall, the results showed that Hg accumulation from intermittent exposure was less than that of the continuous exposure regime, but the sub-lethal responses are sometimes more severe than expected in the former.

Ecotoxicological effects of lanthanum in Mytilus galloprovincialis: Biochemical and histopathological impacts

“…changes in gill and liver tissues. Also, studies assessing impacts of metals and metalloids already demonstrated histological alterations of gills, gonads and digestive tubulles in mussels (Amachree et al, 2014;Cuevas et al, 2015;Sonawane, 2015;Sunila, 2011…”

Chronic effects of copper in oysters Crassostrea hongkongensis under different exposure regimes as shown by NMR‐based metabolomics

“…Traditional water criteria were based on continuous exposure, assessing the accumulation and biological effects of metals on aquatic invertebrates. However, the assumption that the response of organisms is the same as in intermittent exposure at an equivalent dose needs to be further tested . Therefore, because these traditional criteria are not related to the environment, they could under‐ or overestimate the toxicity of intermittently polluted effluents on organisms.…”

Point-of-care testing for measuring haemolymph glucose in invertebrates is not a valid method

“…Glucose levels in mussels can be even lower than those found in crabs. In controlled conditions, Mytilus galloprovincialis , a mytilid mussel, display glucose levels ~5 mg/dL (Martínez-Pita et al , 2012; Faggio et al , 2016); for Mytilus edulis , levels are ~10 mg/dL (Amachree et al , 2014). For now, POC testing is unsuitable for L. thayeri and P. perna , and the same can be true for related species with similar ranges of glucose and haemolymph composition, such as other fiddler crabs and Mytilidae mussels.…”