Comparison of initiation of protein synthesis in procaryotes, eucaryotes, and organelles.

Kozak, Marilyn

doi:10.1128/mmbr.47.1.1-45.1983

Cited by 802 publications

(351 citation statements)

References 286 publications

(367 reference statements)

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“…Examination of the sequences flanking the initiation codon for the membrane polypeptide gene shows that they conform to one of the sequences preferred for functional eucaryotic initiation codons (Kozak, 1983). Because of this, and because initiation at anything other than the first AUG codon is known to be very rare (Kozak, 1983), it seems probable that the 25.4k product of the 225 amino acid open reading frame, ORF 1, is the only polypeptide produced from mRNA C. It is possible, however, that there are minor mRNA species, intermediate in size between mRNAs B and C, which would enable a product to be translated from one or both of the ORFs which are present between the end of the membrane gene and mRNA B. 85 bases before the initiation codon for the membrane polypeptide gene is the sequence CTTAACAA which also occurs 101 bases before the first open reading frame of mRNA A (probably the nucleocapsid gene) and 28 bases before 7.5k open reading frame encoded by mRNA B (Boursnell and Brown, manuscript submitted).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sequence of the membrane protein gene from avian coronavirus IBV

Boursnell¹,

Brown²,

Binns³

1984

Virus Research

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cDNA clones prepared from genomic RNA of coronavirus IBV have been sequenced. The nucleotide sequence for the complete 5' region of mRNA C, which is not present in mRNAs A and B, has been determined. A sequence of 1224 bases is presented which contains a long open reading frame predicting a polypeptide of molecular weight 25 443. This is in agreement with the molecular weight of 23 000 reported for the unglycosylated form of the membrane polypeptide.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sequence of the membrane protein gene from avian coronavirus IBV

Boursnell¹,

Brown²,

Binns³

1984

Virus Research

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“…It is also of interest that several minor proteins were produced by the synthetic pcM1 transcripts. This was probably the result of initiation of translation on downstream AUG and upstream non-AUG codons, characterizing translation of genes possessing a "weak" AUG, like the one at position 186-188 of the M gene of case C (Kozak et al, 1983;Curran and Kolakofsky, 1988). The other four sequenced clones of this M gene did not contain nucleotide deletions, and their major protein products migrated approximately at the position of the M proteins of the other cases (data not shown).…”

Section: % Of U Residues Mutated To C In a Matrix Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Biased hypermutation and other genetic changes in defective measles viruses in human brain infections

Cattaneo

Schmid

Eschle

et al. 1988

Cell

419

297

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We assessed the alterations of viral gene expression occurring during persistent infections by cloning full-length transcripts of measles virus (MV) genes from brain autopsies of two subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients and one measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE) patient. the sequence of these MV genes revealed that, most likely, almost 2% of the nucleotides were mutated during persistence, and 35% of these differences resulted in amino acid changes. One of these nucleotide substitutions and one deletion resulted in alteration of the reading frames of two fusion genes, as confirmed by in vitro translation of synthetic mRNAs. One cluster of mutations was exceptional; in the matrix gene of the MIBE case, 50% of the U residues were changed to C, which might result from a highly biased copying event exclusively affecting this gene. We propose that the cluster of mutations in the MIBE case, and other combinations of mutations in other cases, favored propagation of MV infections in brain cells by conferring a selective advantage to the mutated genomes.

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“…The structural requirements for mRNA function have been determined by inspection'of natural eukaryotic mRNAs, followed by manipulation of features that looked suspicious. The general structural characteristics of eukaryotic mRNAs have been reviewed previously (Kozak, 1983a) and will not be elaborated here. The discovery of the m7G cap on a wide variety of viral and cellular mRNAs (Shatkin, 1976) was a provocative clue that the mechanism of initiation in eukaryotes differs from prokaryotes.…”

Section: A Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%