“…Recent studies have highlighted important differences between fibroblasts isolated from normal and fibrotic hearts maintained under similar culture conditions. Figure 1 summarizes the functional consequences of cardiac fibroblasts activation which include altered proliferation,17, 18, 35 migration,18, 19 release of signaling molecules,36 ECM deposition,18–20 adhesion,18, 19 and receptor expression 20. Importantly, fibroblast activation has recently been associated with significant electrophysiological changes 36, 37…”