Comparison of indirect fluorescent antibody test and modified agglutination test for detecting Toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulin G antibodies in dog and cat

Macrì, Gladia; Sala, M.; Linder, Alicia M.; Pettirossi, Nadia; Scarpulla, Manuela

doi:10.1007/s00436-009-1358-4

Cited by 40 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In the kit insert, the manufacturer states that: the test shows a sensitivity in excess of 99% and specificity above 99%. True prevalence (TP) was calculated using standard methods [TP=(AP+sp-1)/(se+sp-1), where AP is the apparent prevalence, se ad sp are, respectively, the sensitivity and the specificity of the test] (Bottarelli, 2012 (Andreoletti et al, 2007;Shaapan et al, 2008;Macrì et al, 2009), TP was calculated to be 38.62% (CI=34.82-42.43). Using a 1:64 cut-off point, and if an individual herd is classified as positive on the basis of having one or more seropositive animals, then 96.97% of the herds in the area would be classified as positive.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiological Study of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep in Rural Areas of the Grosseto District, Tuscany, Italy

Sechi

Ciampelli²,

Cambiotti

et al. 2013

Italian Journal of Animal Science

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Six hundred and thirty individual serum samples from dairy sheep were tested for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The sampled animals came from 33 dairy herds representative of the southern area of the Tuscany region. Questionnaires exploring the management system were filled in by the veterinarian in charge of the herds. Using a cut-off of 1:64, 214 animals (33.97%) were positive with a herd prevalence of 96.97%. Using a sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 95% respectively, the true prevalence was calculated as 38.62% (CI, 34.82%, 42.43%). In the multivariate statistical analysis, T. gondii seropositivity in sheep was significantly associated with herd size <300 (OR=2.046, CI=1.284-3.261), still water source (OR=1.514, CI=1.050-2.182), and access of cats to water given to animals (OR=1.585, CI=1.057-2.379).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiological Study of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep in Rural Areas of the Grosseto District, Tuscany, Italy

Sechi

Ciampelli²,

Cambiotti

et al. 2013

Italian Journal of Animal Science

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“…In this study, the MAT and IFAT were used, based on the results for cats obtained by Macrì et al 11 , with a concordance of 0.98 (i.e., nearly perfect), an MAT sensitivity of 97.8% and specifi city of 100%, and using IFAT as the gold standard test. visceral leishmaniasis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coinfection by Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp. in domestic cats (Felis catus) in State of Mato Grosso do Sul

Braga¹,

Corrêa

Camossi

et al. 2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp. are protozoan parasites that cause zoonosis, are distributed worldwide, and affect domestic and wild animals and humans. Cats are important in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis because they are the only hosts that can excrete the environmentally resistant stage: the oocysts 1 .In 1999, visceral leishmaniasis in cats was fi rst recorded by Hervas et al. 2 in Spain. Since then, current cases represent a widespread distribution, and include reports from Italy 3 , Portugal 4 , the United States 5 . In Brazil, the fi rst occurrence of Leishmania infantum in a cat was recorded in 2004 by Savani et al 5 . Some authors consider this animal an accidental host, while others suggest that felids can act as potential peridomestic reservoirs 6 . However, the role of cats in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis remains to be clarifi ed.The present study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee (protocol 65/2007) of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, São Paulo State University, following the Ethical Principles in Animal Experimentation. A total of 50 cats (Felis catus) that were domiciliated in the City of Campo Grande (20°26'34''S, 54°38'47''W) in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil were selected randomly without predilection for sex breed, or age. Blood samples were obtained to detect antibodies for T. gondii and Leishmania spp.The immunofl uorescence antibody test (IFAT) was performed, according to the method described by Camargo 7 , which used whole Leishmania major-like promastigote and the RH strain of T. gondii as the antigen for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis, respectively. Modifi ed agglutination test (MAT) using the RH strain was performed, as described by Desmonts and Remington 8 . The cutoff T. gondii antibody titer for both tests was 16, and the corresponding value in IFAT for Leishmania spp. was 40.Two (4%) of the 50 animals presented titers of antibodies for T. gondii and Leishmania spp., which suggested coinfection by these two protozoa in the same animal. Cat #1 was a female of undefi ned breed, 2 years of age, and presented T. gondii antibody titers of 64 (based on IFAT) and 1,024 (based on MAT), and an antibody titer of 320 for Leishmania spp. Cat #2 was also a female of undefi ned breed, 3 years of age, and presented T. gondii titers of 16 (based on IFAT) and 1,024 (based on MAT), and a Leishmania spp. titer of 320 (Table 1). Neither cat presented clinical signs. Similar results were obtained by Cardia et al. 9 with specifi c anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) in 63 (16.3%) of 386 cats and IgG against Leishmania spp. in two serum samples with titers of 1:160 and 1:320, respectively. In a study conducted by Sobrinho et al. 10 in another Brazilian endemic area, 25.7% cats were coinfected with both agents. However, the authors did not observe a signifi cant association between these infections.In this study, the MAT and IFAT were used, based on the results for cats obtained by Macrì et al. 11 , with a concordance of 0.98 (i.e...

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“…Agglutination uses tachyzoites inactivated with formalin and does not require species-specific reagents (Shaapan et al, 2008;Macrì et al, 2009). A study revealed that MAT has the highest sensitivity, followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas among serological tests, immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) showed the lowest sensitivity.…”

Section: Modified Agglutination Test Immunofluorescence Antibody Tesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variability of the sensitivity and specificity according to the T. gondii strain employed, and subjectivity in interpreting the fluorescence reaction make it almost impossible to compare results from different laboratories. This is the reason for the numerous data in the literature that show extreme variability even in the same regions and in the same type of farm (Shaapan et al, 2008;Macrì et al, 2009). A recent study has revealed that there is an extremely low proportion of accordance between IFAT and MAT in cat and dog sera (Macrì et al, 2009).…”

Section: Modified Agglutination Test Immunofluorescence Antibody Tesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma in Animals, Food, and Humans: An Old Parasite of New Concern

Cenci‐Goga

Rossitto

Sechi

et al. 2011

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

141

106

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All hosts, including humans, can be infected by any one of the three forms of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that correspond to three morphological stages: tachyzoite, bradyzoite, and sporozoite form. Felids are definitive hosts for T. gondii, which is an intracellular pathogen that infects a wide range of warm-blooded intermediate hosts. Toxoplasmosis is a disease where the interest of the diverse medical and veterinary specialties converge. Awareness needs to be increased that toxoplasmosis can induce clinical disease not only in immunocompromised patients or through congenital infections, but also in healthy patients. This is a review article that aims at illustrating why toxoplasmosis should be regarded a veterinary public health issue and how veterinary practitioners can contribute in controlling the infection.

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Comparison of indirect fluorescent antibody test and modified agglutination test for detecting Toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulin G antibodies in dog and cat

Cited by 40 publications

References 30 publications

Seroepidemiological Study of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep in Rural Areas of the Grosseto District, Tuscany, Italy

Seroepidemiological Study of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep in Rural Areas of the Grosseto District, Tuscany, Italy

Coinfection by Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp. in domestic cats (Felis catus) in State of Mato Grosso do Sul

Toxoplasma in Animals, Food, and Humans: An Old Parasite of New Concern

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