Despite increasingly accurate modeling technologies, it is still necessary to validate aircraft models with flight data. One area where this is especially critical is for flight control system development and flying qualities appraisals. Consistent with the frequency domain specification of flying qualities requirements, the method discussed is the identification of an aircraft's frequency responses from piloted frequency sweeps performed in flight. Pilotgenerated frequency sweeps were performed on a range of transport aircraft, research aircraft, and simulators. The time histories from the sweeps were transformed into the frequency domain to yield frequency responses that were used for a variety of applications. In some applications, further analyses with the Low-Order Equivalent Systems method were used to identify dominant modes of the bare airframe and of elements of the aircraft's flight control system, as well as those of the augmented aircraft, which were applied to flying qualities criteria. In other applications, the frequency responses from one aircraft were compared to those from other aircraft to support handling qualities assessments in support of same type ratings and minor design changes. The techniques used in the analyses are summarized and several of these applications are reported.
Nomenclature
C= cost F = control inceptor force, lb G = gain, dB K = weighting function gain n z = normal load factor, g q = pitch rate, deg/s s = Laplace variable T = (equivalent) time delay, record length, s δ = control inceptor deflection, in. or deg ζ = damping ratio of a second-order LOES τ = time constant, s φ = phase angle, deg ω = frequency of a second-order low-order equivalent system (LOES) rad/s Subscripts CC = control column HOS = high-order system ICR = instantaneous center of rotation i = iteration number LOES = low-order equivalent system min = minimum ph = aircraft phugoid oscillation