Comparison of immunotherapy mediated by apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes: apoptotic bodies’ unique anti-inflammatory potential

Abstract

Immunotherapy, including immunostimulation and immunosuppression, has seen significant development in the last 10 years. Immunostimulation has been verified as effective in anti-cancer treatment, while immunosuppression is used in the treatment of autoimmune disease and inflammation. Currently, with the update of newly-invented simplified isolation methods and the findings of potent triggered immune responses, extracellular vesicle-based immunotherapy is very eye-catching. However, the research on three main types of extracellular vesicles, exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, needs to be more balanced. These three subtypes share a certain level of similarity, and at the same time, they have their own properties caused by the different methods of biogensis. Herein, we summarized respectively the status of immunotherapy based on each kind of vesicle and discuss the possible involved mechanisms. In conclusion, we highlighted that the effect of the apoptotic body is clear and strong. Apoptotic bodies have an excellent potential in immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies .

miRNA profiling of B16F10 melanoma cell exosomes reveals melanin synthesis-related genes

“…Additionally, we found that the isolated exosome preparations in this study also contained various extracellular vesicles such as microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. Extracellular vesicles can be subdivided into exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies according to their origin [ 45 ]: exosomes are derived from intracellular endosomal compartments, while microvesicles are particles released from the surface of cells, and apoptotic bodies are released by cells undergoing apoptosis [ 46 ]. Since each of these types of vesicles has a wide size distribution, it is difficult to separate them using only centrifugation [ 47 ].…”

Strategies for Small Extracellular Vesicle-Based Cancer Immunotherapy

“…It is noteworthy that EVs extend their reach beyond cancer immunotherapy. Research is actively exploring the use of EVs derived from immune regulatory T cells and stem cells to suppress unwanted immune responses [ 160 – 171 ]. This versatility highlights the exiting possibilities of EVs in tuning the immune system, offering the potential to both stimulate and dampen immune activity depending on the therapeutic need.…”

Exploring the role of exosomal MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers in preeclampsia

“…Apoptotic bodies (500-4000 nm) are produced by apoptotic cells and are characterized by the presence of organelles within the vesicles ( 127 ). Exosomes, STBMs, and apoptotic bodies have a similar lipid bilayer membrane and carry genetic and protein cargo associated with the inflammatory reaction in PE ( 128 ). However, there are some subtle differences in their roles in PE.…”